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Microbiology 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mycology is concerned with | diagnosis, management, and prevention of fungal dieseases or mycoses |
| mycoses are among the most | difficult diseases to diagnose and treat |
| signs of mycoses are often | missed or misinterpreted |
| fungi are often | resistant to antifungal agents |
| the epidemiology of mycoses: fungi and their...are almost... | their spores...everywhere in the environment |
| most people will | experience a mycosis at some time |
| mycoses are typically acquired via | inhalation, trauma or ingestion |
| mycoses are infrequently | spread from person to person |
| most mycoses are not...but..are the... | contagious...dermatophytes....the major exception (athletes foot) |
| epidemics of mycoses result from | mass exposure to environmental sources of fungi |
| mycoses are generally not...so adequate info on their... | reportable...occurence is often lacking |
| fungal agents are either | true fungal pathogens or opportunistic fungi |
| only...fungi usually are considered...and the others are... | four...true pathogens...opportunistic |
| opportunistic fungi: certain factors | increase risk for opp. mycoses |
| factors that increase risk for opp mycoses include | invasive med procedures, medical therapies, certain disease conditions, specific lifestyle factors |
| fungi are endemic to ..primarily in the... | certain regions...americas |
| three categories of clinical manifestation include | fungal infections, toxicoses and allergies |
| fungal infections are the | most common mycoses |
| fungal infections are caused by | presence of true pathogens or opportunists |
| toxicoses are acquired through..and occur when.. | ingestion...poisonous mushrooms are eaten |
| allergies most often result from | the inhalation of fungal spores (type I) |
| in order to diagnose a fungal infection, it is important to look at the | patients history |
| definitive diagnosis often requires | morphological analysis of the fungus involved |
| in order to morphologically analyze the fungus involved, you use a...to...and the medium.... | sabouraud dextrose agar...culture fungi...fungal growth |
| various techniques are used to | detect fungal cells in patient specimens |
| it is difficult to | distinguish fungal infections from simple exposure |
| what are especially challenging in the diagnosis of fungal infections | opportunistic infections |
| antifungal therapies are used because | mycoses are among the most difficult diseases to heal |
| fungi are often | resistant to t cell mediated immune responses |
| fungi are...to... | biochemically similar...human cells |
| antifungal drugs can | harm human tissues |
| what is the target of antifungal drugs | ergosterol |
| ergosterol is a | steroid found in fungi and not in human cells |
| antifungal drugs are often the | azole drugs |
| another drug that is the...of antifungal drugs is... | gold standard...amphotericin B |
| opportunistic infections require...which is a... | two step treatment...high dose and low dose |
| the high dose treatment is used to | reduce pathogen |
| low dose treatment is for | maintenance therapy |
| antifungal vaccines are not | used often |
| antifungal vaccines have been...because... | difficult to develop...fungal metabolism is similar to our own |
| scientists have developed vaccines against...such as.. | some fungi...coccidioides, candida and blastomycosis |
| candida is an | opportunist |
| systemic mycoses are caused by...and the infections spread... | pathogenic fungi..throughout the body |
| systemic mycoses are caused by | one of four pathogenic fungi of the division ascomycota |
| ascomycota include...which are... | blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma and paracoccidioides...true pathogens |
| true pathogens (ascomycota) are acquired through...and begihs as... | inhalation...generalized pulmonary infection |
| ascomycota true pathogens ...via the... | disseminates...blood to the rest of the body |
| all ascomycota are...meaning they have.. | dimorphic...different manifestations in environment and host |
| individuals working with these fungi must take | precautions to avoid exposure to spores |
| dimorphic means the true fungal pathogens can take on... | two different possibilities in the environment and in the body |
| in the environment, fungi are..that undergo... | hypha...spores (sexual reproduction) |
| in the body, fungi are...that do... | buddying yeast cells..asexual reproduction |
| histoplasmosis is caused by...which is a... | histoplasma capsulatum...true pathogen |
| histoplasmosis is the | most common fungal pathogen affecting humans |
| histoplasmosis is mostly in the | eastern US but also in AFrica and Asia |
| histoplasma capsulatum fungi are found in...containing... | moist soils...high nitrogen levels |
| the most common infection route for histoplasma capsulatum is | inhalation of spores into the lungs |
| h. capsulatum is...and then dispersed beyond... | phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages...the lungs via the blood and lymph |
| histoplasmosis is usually | asymptomatic and resolves without damage |
| clinical histoplasmosis results in...including... | one of four diseases...chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis, chronic cutaneous histoplasmosis, systemic histoplasmosis, ocular histoplasmosis |
| histoplasmosis infections in...will... | health individuals...resolvves on its own |
| what is the preferred drug for those who require treatment for histoplasmosis | amphotericin B |
| blastomycosis is caused by...which is a... | blastomyces dermatitidis...true pathogen |
| blastomycosis is an..in the.. | endemic..southeastern us north to canada |
| blastomyces dermatitidis is found in | soils rich in organic matter |
| what is the most common mannifestation of blastomycosis?...which is where the..are... | pulmonary blastomycosis...initial pulmonary lesions...mostly asymptomatic |
| pulmonary blastomycosis resolves | in most people but may become chronic |
| other conditions may result with blastomycosis such as | cutaneous blastomycosis, osteoarticular blastomycosis and meningitis |
| coccidioidomycosis is also known as...and the causitive agent is..which is a... | valley fever...coccidioides immitis...true pathogen |
| coccidioidomycosis is almost exclusively in the | southwestern us |
| coccidioides immitis fungi is found in | desert soil, rodent burrows, archaeological remains and mines |
| if inhaled, coccidioides immitis fungi forms | detectable spherules in the lung |
| coccidioidomycoses most often result in...where patients... | pulmonary conditions...show no or few symptoms |
| coccidioidomycoses infections in healthy | individials resolve on their own |
| dissemination for coccidioidomycoses happens mostly in | immunocompromised people |
| paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by...which is a... | paracoccidioides brasiliensis...true pathogen |
| paracoccidioides brasiliensis fungi is found in | southern mexico and regions of south america |
| paracoccidioidomycosis disease is found most in | farm workers in endemic areas |
| paracoccidioidomycosis is similaer to | blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis |
| paracoccidioidomycosis infection begins as a...and the fungus is almsot always... | pulmonary conditions...spreads |
| the spreading of paracoccidioidomycosis produces | chronic inflammatory disease of mucous membranes |
| treatment for paracoccidioidomycosis is with | amphotericin or ketoconazole |
| paracoccidioides brasiliensis morphology has | characteristic steering wheel formation of buds |
| opportunistic mycoses don't | typically affect healthy humans |
| opp infections are limited to...and becomes more important as the number of... | people with poor immunity...aids patients rise |
| opp mycosis infections are | difficult to identify because their symptoms are often atypical |
| opportunistic mycoses have...that are routinely encountered | five genera |
| the five genera of opportunistic mycoses include | pneumosystis, candida, aspergillus, cryptococcus, and mucor |
| pneumocystis pneumonia is caused by...which is an... | pneumocystis jiroveci...opp parasite |
| pneumocystis jiroveci was formerly referred to as | p. carinii |
| majority of individials are | exposed to p. jiroveci by age five |
| pneumocystis pneumonia infection in...is usually... | immunocompetent individuals...asymptomatic |
| pneumocystis pneumonia is the common | opp fungal infection of aids patients |
| presence of pneumocystis pneumonia is almost...and can result in... | diagnostic for hiv aids...death if left untreated |
| candidiasis includes...and the most common causitive agent is... | various opportunistic infections and diseases...candida albicans |
| candidiasis involves common | members of microbiota of skin and mucous membranes |
| candida is one of the..by.. | few fungi transmitted between individuals...sticking to fomites |
| all cases of candidiasis result from | an opportunistic infection |
| candidiasis can produce a wide...including... | range of diseases...oral candidiasis (thrush), vaginal yeast infections, nail infections diaper rash |
| candiasis is treated with | nystatin (topical) and fluconazole (systemic) |
| several diseases are caused by fungi in the | genus aspergillus |
| aspergillosis can be found...and the disease occurs from the... | throughout the envornment...inhalation of the fungal spores |
| aspergillosis most commonly causes..and can also manifest as... | only allergies...hyphae in lung, eye , ears and sinuses |
| recent cases of...caused by... | non infectious fungal meningitis...contamination injectable steroid drugs with aspergillus spores |
| cryptococcosis is caused by..which is an... | cryptococcus neoformans..opp pathogen |
| cryptococcosis results from | inhalation of spores or dried yeast in bird droppings |
| cryptococcosis characteristics enhance the...and gives it the ability to... | pathogenesis of the fungus....resist phagocytosis |
| cryptococcosis can | move to the central nervous system |
| cryptococcosis: various diseases can result from infection including | primary pulmonary cryptococcus, cryptococcal meningitis, cryptococcoma, cutaneous cryptococcosis |
| primary pulmonary cyrptococcus is | asymptomatic or mild pneumonia |
| cryptococcal meningitis is the...and follows.. | most common clinical form of cryptococcal infection...dissemination of the fungus to the CNS |
| cryptococcoma is a | rare condition in which solid fungal masses can form |
| cutaneous cryptococcosis involves | skin lesions or inflammation of subcutaneous tissues |
| aids patients are | vulnerable to opp fungal infections |
| because aids patients have..it makes... | permanent immune dysfunction...cure of infections unlikely |
| mycoses account for | most deaths associcated with aids |
| various fungi partly define..such as... | end stage of aids...pneumocystis jiroveci |
| recently there has been the emergence of | new fungal opps |
| three emerging pathogens are particularly problematic and include | fusarium species, penicillium marneffei and trichosporon beigelii |
| the most commonly reported fungal diseases are the..which are all... | superficial, cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses...opportunistic infections |
| superficial, cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses are...at sites at or near... | localized...surface of the body |
| superficial, cutaneous and sub mycoses are acquired by... | person to person contact or environmental exposure |
| superficial, cutaneous or sub mycoses infections are...that are not... | diseases...usually nnot life threatening |
| superficial, cutaneous or sub mycoses can cause | chronic or reccuring infections |
| suprficial mycoses are the...and confined to the... | most common fungal infections....outer, dead layers of the skin, nails or hair |
| superficial mycoses include... | black and white piedra |
| black and white piedra are..characterized by... | superficial infections...nodules on the hair shaft |
| transmission of blackand white piedra is often | mediated by shared hair brushes or combs |
| usually several members of a family | are infected w/ black and white pedira at a time |
| how to treat black and white piedra | shave your hair |
| superficial mycoses also include | dermatophytoses |
| dermatophytoses are | fungal infections of the skin or nails caused by dermatophytes |
| dermatophytoses were previously called...and the fungi uses... | ringworms...keratin as nutrient source and colonize dead tissues |
| dermatophytoses may provoke... | cell mediated immune response that damages living tissues |
| what causes most dermatophytoses | genera of asxomycetes |
| dermatophytoses show a variety of | clinical manifestations |
| athelete's foot, also called....is caused by... | tinea pedis...human reservoirs in toe webbing and carpeting holding infected skin cells |
| common signs of tinea pedis | red, raised lesions on and around the toes/soles of feet, webbing between the toes is heavily infected |
| another superficial mycoses is...which is caused by... | malassezia infections...malassezia furfur (opp) |
| malassezia infections are caused by...and it causes... | normal microbiota of the skin...pityriasis |
| pityriasis is the..or.. | depigmentation...hyperpigmentation of scaly patches of skin |
| malassezia infections are treated with...and it is common to experience... | topical selenium sulfide (selsun)...relapses of malassezia infections |
| cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses fungi are notmally found i nthe...and are less... | soil...common than superficial myocoses |
| cutaneous and subcutaneous mucoses are less common because they require | traumatic introduction of fungi beneath the outer layers of skin |
| most lesions of cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses remain | localized to subepidermal tissues in the skin |
| one form of cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses is...which is caused by... | sporotrichosis..sporothrix shenckii |
| sporotrichosis is a...usually limited to... | subcutaneous infection...the arms and legs |
| who is at highest risk for sporotrichosis | those who work with plant material |
| sporotrichosis can also be...whic produces... | cutaneous...nodular lesions around the infection site |
| after the nodular lesions around the infection site of cutaneous sporotrichosis occur, ...will develop where... | lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis...secondary lesions occur on the skin along the course of lymphatic vessels |
| sporotrichosis is effectively treated with | topical agents |
| some fungi produce..or cuase... | mycotoxins ..allergies |
| fungal mycotoxins can cause | toxicosis |
| fungal allergens can elicit | hypersensitivity response in sensitive individuals |
| mycotoxicoses is caused by...that are produced by... | mycotoxins...fungi during normal metabolic activities |
| mycotoxins are...such as with... | poisonous...mushrooms |
| mycotoxins are often | consumed in grains or vegetables |
| what is the most well-known mycotoxin | aflatoxins (found in peanuts) |
| aflatoxins are...and can also be.. | fatal to many vertebrates...carcinogenic at low levels when consumed continually |
| aflatoxins are prevalent in the | tropics |
| some mycotoxins are used to make | drugs |
| mushroom poisoning is also called...however most mushrooms are... | mycteismus...not toxic |
| some mushrooms produce..that can cause... | extremely dangerous poisons...neurological dysfunction, hallucinations, organ damage or death |
| mushroom poisoning typically occurs when | untrained individuals pick and eat wild mushrooms |
| deadliest mushroom toxin is produced by te | death cap mushroom |
| fungal allergens are common | both indoor and outdoor |
| determing the specific cause of fungal allergies can be...due to their... | difficult...presence in the environment |
| fungal allergens usually cause..that can result in... | type i hypersensitivites...asthma, eczema and hay fever |
| what else can occur to fungal allergies | type iii hypersensitivity but its much less frequent (happens bec of formed immune complexes) |
| protozoa include | cilliates, amoebae, flagellates, apicomplexans |
| amoebae include | entamoeba histolytica and naegleria fowleri |
| flagellates include | giardia and trichomonas vaginalis |
| apicomplexans include | plasmodium, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium and cyclospora |
| helminths are..and include... | worms...trematodes, nematodes and cestodes |
| trematodes are | flukes |
| nematodes are...and include... | round worms...wuchereria bancrofti, ascaris lumbricoides, enterobius vermicularis and strongyloides stercoalis |
| enterobius vermicularis is the | pin worm |
| cestodes are the...and include... | flat/tape worms...taenia saginata, taenia solium |
| taenia saginata is the | beef tape worm |
| taenia solium is the | pork tape worm |
| arthropod vectors are the...such as... | arachnids...ticks/mites/chiggers and insects |
| protozoa are | unicellular eukaryotes |
| most protozoa are..but some are... | free living...parasitic pathogens |
| protozoa parasites are grouped by | mode of locomotion (cilliates or flagelates) |
| the metabolically active form of protozoa are | trophozoites |
| dormant form of protozoa are the | cysts |
| cilliates use | multiple cilia for locomotion |
| amoebae have no | defined shape - pseudopodia |
| most amoebae are | free living |
| one type of amoebae are...and its distribution is... | entamoeba histolytica...global (poor sanitation, high pop density and tropical regions) |
| entamoeba histolytica live in...and transmission happens via... | human carriers only...ingestion of cysts or sexually |
| entamoeba histolytica causes...which is usually... | amebiasis...asymptomatic |
| amebiasis leads to either.... | luminal amebiasis and amebic dysentry or invasive extraintestinal amebiasis |
| luminal amebiasis and amebic dysentry leads to...and also produces... | painful bloody diarrhea, mucus and no fever or vomitting...tear drop/cup shaped ulcers in the colon |
| invasive extraintestinal amebiasis causes | necrotic lesions/abcesses at sites of invasion and liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys and brain abcesses |
| treatment and prevention of amebiasis | hygiene, rehydration, metronidazole and lodoquinol |
| acanthamoeba and naegleria are | free living non-obligate parasites |
| naegleria fowleri involves direct | infection of the nervous tissue through the nostrils |
| naegleria fowleri thus is brought into the body via..mainly by... | inhalation...fresh-water (warm) swimmers |
| naegleria fowleri disease is called | primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) |
| primary amebic meningoencephalitis changes...and causes you to... | taste and smell...vomit, be nausious, have a fever,and excruciating headaches |
| PAM leads to | rapid onset of coma and death in two weeks |
| diagnosis of PAM happens by | spinal tap visualization |
| treatment of pam with | amphotericin B |
| PAM is | hard to kill in water systems (hardy bugs) |
| giardiasis, also called...is caused by... | diarrhea/bever fever...giardia intestinalis or lamblia |
| giardiasis symptoms | pale, loose foul smelling fatty stools, flatulence, belching sulfur smells, weight loss, abdominal pain/distenstion |
| there is predisposition for giardiasis in | immunosuppressed, aids patients and sewage workers |
| distribution of giardiasis is | worldwide in untreated water (humans and animals) |
| who is most susceptible to giardiasis | campers, hikers and pet owners |
| diagnosis if giardiasis | direct visualization of pear shaped trophs with two nuclei (owl) |
| treatment/prevention of giardiasis | metronidazole/hygiene, clean water, pets |
| what one protozoa is an std? | trichomonas vaginalis |
| trichomonas vaginalis is the most common | protozoan disease and 1/2 the worlds population is at risk |
| trichomonas vaginalis dwells in | vulvas, vaginas, urethras and prostates of humans honly |
| trichomonas vaginalis is transferred through...and the disease is... | sexual contact mostly...asymptomatic mostly in men |
| trichomonas vaginalis can lead to some...in women | vaginitis, odorous discharge, abdominal pain, dyspareunia, dysuria |
| diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis | visualization or immunoflourescent probes |
| treatment/prevention of trichomonas vaginalis | metronidazole/abstinence, monogamy, safe sexual practices |
| apicomplexa used to be called...and they have a... | sporozoa...complicated life cycle w/ atleast two different hosts |
| apicomplexans involve the...which are... | plasmodium species...vector borne |
| vector borne plasmodium species include | female anopheles species of mosquitos |
| there are...which include... | four human plasmodium species..p falciparum, p vivax, p ovale, and p malariae |
| plasmodium species cause..and currently over.. | malaria...400 million people infected and 203 million die every year |
| there is increased susceptibility for malaria in | children and aids patients |
| there are..stages for malaria and which cells go on to the next stage... | 3...ruptured cells |
| the three stages of malaria are | liver cycle, blood cycle and mosquito cycle |
| the liver cycle is where | p vivax and p ovale can remain dormant for years |
| the blood cycle is where...whic produces... | plasmodium species feed on rbc hemoglobin...fever on simultaneous rupture of cells |
| mosquito cycle is when | the sexually active form from RBCS is ingested and it matures in the gut |
| symptoms of malaria include | recurrent fever, chills, diarrhea, headache, hemolytic anemia (jaundice), weakness and fatigue, pulmonary and caridac dysfunction (rare) |
| p falciparum causes | black water fever and cerebral malaria |
| black water fever involves | extreme cell lysis, dark urine and kidney failure |
| cerebral malaria involves | hemorrhage in the brain from inelastic rbcs |
| diagnosis of p falciparum involves | microscope visualization of blood smears, easily missed in developed countries |
| treatment for p falciparum | chloroquine, pyrimethamine and artemisinin (becoming resistant) |
| prevention of p falciparum involves | controlling mosquitoes and breed grounds, prophylaxic treatment, repellants, nets, protective clothing |
| protective conditions for malaria include | sickle cell trait, hemoglobin C, glucose - g phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and lack of duffy antigens |
| sickle cell trait or...is when... | hemo S...sickling rbcs resist penetration |
| hemoglobin c involves | mis-shaped rbcs that resist penetration |
| glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase is needed for | parasite dna synthesis |
| lack of duffy antigens means you are | resistant to p vivax |
| toxoplasma gondii: about...of the us pop is exposed..and the host is an... | 40%...animal hosts (cats are definitive host) |
| toxoplasma gondii is transmitted | fecal orally/inhalation |
| toxoplasmosis is...except in... | self limiting...fetuses and aids patients |
| toxoplasmosis leads to | spastic paralysis, blindness, brain infection |
| cryptosporidia and cyclospora sps is transmitted..from...and cryptosporidia is limited to... | fecal-orally...drinking water...the intestines |
| cyclospora was linked with | fruit washed in contaminated water and can cause invasive disease |
| cryptosporidia and cyclospora sps both cause | severe diseases in aids patients |
| helminth parasites are | macroscopic, multicellular eukaryotic worms |
| helminths have...that involves both... | complex lifestyles..intermediate and definitive hosts |
| the intermediate host is wher | laval/immature forms reside |
| definitive host is where. | adults form and release large numbers of eggs |
| matured worms are either | monoecious or dioecious |
| what can be an indicator of helminthic infestation | eosinophilia |
| trematodes are | flat leaf shaped worms |
| most trematode species require | snails as intermediates |
| nematodes are found in...and are... | humans..long cylindrical tapering worms |
| nematodes are transmitted via..or... | fecal-oral...direct penetration of the skin |
| nematodes can rarely be...and diagnosis is in the...and prevention is in...and treatnment is with... | vector borne...feces...sanitation...mebendazole |
| wucheria bancrofti is a...thats transmitted by... | vector born...many female mosquito species |
| microfilariae infest the | subcutaneous tissue and lymphatics causing filariasis (wucheria bancrofti) |
| wucheria bancrofti can result in | elephantiasis after very long incubations |
| wucheria bancrofti is endemic to the...and can cause... | tropics..secondary bacterial infections |
| treatment for wucheria bancrofti is with | diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin and limb hygiene |
| the most common round worm infection is...and how many people are infected? | ascaris lumbricoides...1 billion |
| ascaris lumbricoides is caused by the...which look like...and can be up to... | largest nematode...white round worms...25 cm |
| ascaris lumbricoids is transmitted...and the route goes... | fecal-orally...egg, intestine, larvae, lung, larvae2, intestine, adult |
| ascariasis symptoms | fever, dry cough, abdominal pain, obstruction, eosinophilia, nausea, vomitting, asthma-like symtpoms, worm emigrations |
| ascaris lumbricoides do not cause | diarrhea |
| diagnosis for ascariasis is through the | eggs/worms in stool |
| treatment and prevention for ascariasis | mebendazole and sanitation |
| enterobius vermicularis colonizes in the | lower intestine/rectal region |
| enterobius vermicularis or..is.. | pin worm..worldwide (more temperate climate) |
| enterobius vermicularis is most common worm in the.. | us (40 million) |
| enterobius vermicularis is found primarily in...and causes... | school children...itchy bottom |
| enterobius vermicularis is transmitted..and involves... | fecal-oral...nocturnal laying of eggs |
| diagnosis of enterobius vermicularis | cellophane tape test |
| strongyloides stercoralis is...in the.. | free living..soil |
| strongyloides stercoralis...and the route is.. | directly penetrates the skin with hooks...skin, lung, autoinfection cycle |
| most patients with strongyloides stercoralis are | asymptomatic but can have diarrhea, itching and eosinophilia |
| strongyloides stercoralis produces a..in.. | disseminated disease...aids and immunocompromised patients |
| diagnosis and treatment for strongyloides stercoralis | feces examination and mebendazole |
| cestodes are... | flat segmented long intestinal parasites |
| worm segments are | proglottids |
| cestodes use..for..and the..for... | scolex...attachment...cuticle..protection |
| cestodes have..but..are the... | multiple hosts..humans...definitive host (gets worm and disease) |
| cestodes are transmitted | fecal-orally in larval forms in muscle of intermediate hosts |
| laval forms are called | cysticerci |
| cestodes are named after...which the two groups are... | intermediate hosts...taenia saginata and solium |
| cestodes diseases symptoms | usually asymptomatic but can cause nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, pain, weight loss, blockage, cysticercosis |
| cysticercosis causes | neurlogical and ocular symptoms by T solium larvae |
| diagnosis for cestode diseases includes | proglottids or worms in feces |
| prevention of cestodes | cooking meat thoroughly and freezing for storage |
| treatment for cestodes | praziquantel and rarely surgery |
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