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Renal
Renal Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acute renal failure | clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid decline in renal function with progressive azotemia and increasing levels of serum creatinine |
| acute tubular necrosis | a type of intrarenal acute renal failure affecting the renal tubules caused by renal ischemia and nephrotoxic injury |
| artertiovenous grafts (AV) | synthetic material surgically anastomosed between an artery and a vein to provide vascular access for hemodialysis; used in place of an arteriovenous fistula for a patient with a history of severe hypertension, diabetes, prolonged IV drug use, or previous |
| azotemia | an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine |
| automated peritoneal dialysis | dialysis machine that controls the fill, dwell, and drain phases and cycles four to eight exchanges per night with one to two hours per exchange |
| continuous peritoneal ambulatory dialysis | dialysis carried out manually by exchanging 1.5 to 3 L of peritoneal dialysate usually four times daily with dwell times of 4 to 10 hours |
| continuous renal replacement therapy | provides a means by which solutes and fluids can be removed slowly and continuously in the hemodynamically unstable patient; usually used to treat acute renal failure |
| costovertebral angle | landmark useful in locating the kidneys, formed by the rib cage and the vertebral column |
| creatinine | a waste product produced by muscle breakdown |
| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder wall |
| cystoscopy | inspection of the interior of the bladder with a tubular lighted scope |
| dialysis | technique in which substances move from the blood through a semipermeable membrane and into a dialysis solution; used to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances and to remove waste products in renal failure |
| end-stage renal disease | last stage of kidney disease; occurs when the GFR is less than 5% to 10% of normal or when creatinine clearances are less than 5 to 10 ml/min |
| glomerular filtration rate | amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli in a given time; average is 125 ml/min with 1 ml/min excreted as urine |
| glomerulonephritis | an immune-related inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production, and edema |
| glomerulus | a component of the nephron that is a tuft of up to 50 capillaries where blood is filtered across the semipermeable membrane into Bowman's capsule |
| hemodialysis | dialysis that uses an artificial membrane (usually made of cellulose-based or synthetic materials) as the semipermeable membrane through which the patient's blood circulates |
| hydronephrosis | dilation or enlargement of the renal pelves and calyces resulting from obstruction in the lower urinary tract with backflow of urine to the kidney |
| interstitial cystitis | chronic, painful inflammatory disease of the bladder characterized by severe bladder and pelvic pain, urinary frequency, and urgency |
| intravenous pyelogram (IVP) | a diagnostic study using an IV contrast media that is excreted through the urinary system, allowing for visualization of the urinary tract |
| nephron | the functional unit of the kidney |
| nephrosclerosis | a vascular disease of the kidney characterized by sclerosis of the small arteries and arterioles of the kidney resulting in renal tissue necrosis |
| nephrotic syndrome | an abnormal condition of the kidney characterized by peripheral edema, massive proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and hypoalbuminemia; may occur in a severe primary form or secondary to many systemic diseases |
| oliguria | less than 400 ml of urine in 24 hrs |
| peritoneal dialysis | dialysis with the use of the peritoneal membrane as the semipermeable membrane |
| polycystic kidney disease | a genetic kidney disorder in which the cortex and the medulla are filled with thin-walled cysts that enlarge and destroy surrounding tissue |
| renal arteriogram | a diagnostic study performed by injecting contrast media into a renal artery to visualize the renal blood vessels |
| renal artery stenosis | a partial occlusion of one or both renal arteries and their major branches; a major cause of abrupt onset hypertension |
| renal biopsy | a procedure to obtain renal tissue for examination to determine renal disease; usually performed percutaneously with a biopsy needle |
| renal vein thrombosis | unilateral or bilateral thrombus formation in the renal vein caused by trauma, extrinsic compression (e.g., tumor, aortic aneurysm), renal cell carcinoma, pregnancy, contraceptive use, and nephrotic syndrome |
| retrograde pyelogram | an x-ray visualization of the kidneys, ureter, and bladder after direct injection of a contrast material into the kidney via a ureteral catheter introduced through a cystoscope |
| transitional cell carcinoma | a malignant, usually papillary tumor derived from transitional stratified epithelium, occurring most frequently in the bladder, ureter, urethra, or renal pelvis |
| uremia | the condition in which renal function declines to the point that symptoms develop in multiple body systems |
| urinary calculi | formation of stones in the urinary tract |
Created by:
ebadger
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