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Advanced Genetics 1
Pearson chapter 18,19,20 AP Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bacteriophage | A virus that infects and lyses certain bacteria. |
| capsid | The protein shell that surrounds a virus particle. |
| operator | A chromosomal segment of DNA that regulates the activity of the structural genes of an operon by interacting with a specific repressor. |
| retrovirus | Any of a group of viruses, many of which produce tumors, that contain RNA and reverse transcriptase, including the virus that causes AIDS. |
| reverse transcriptase | A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA on an RNA template, found in oncogenic viruses containing RNA, especially the retroviruses. |
| phage | a virus that is parasitic (reproduces itself) in bacteria |
| regulatory gene | a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain |
| repressor | A protein that binds to an operator, blocking transcription of an operon and the enzymes for which the operon codes. |
| lysogenic cycle | The integration of a virus into the genome of a host bacterium as a prophage. |
| lytic cycle | cycle in which phage particles multiply within the host bacterium and then destroy it |
| inducer | an agent capable of activating specific genes |
| prion | A microscopic protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid, thought to be the infectious agent responsible for scrapie and certain other degenerative diseases of the nervous system. |
| transposon | A DNA sequence that can insert itself at a new site in the genome. |
| cloning vector | A bacteriophage, plasmid, or other agent that transfers genetic material from one cell to another. 4. A force or influence. |
| genetic engineering | Scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism. |
| restriction site | the specific sites at which a restriction enzyme will cleave DNA |
| restriction fragment | he fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme |
| inducer | an agent capable of activating specific genes |
| histone | several small, basic proteins most commonly found in association with the DNA in the chromatin of eukaryotes. |
| nucleosome | Any of the repeating subunits of chromatin, consisting of a DNA chain coiled around a core of histones. |
| transposon | A segment of DNA that is capable of independently replicating itself and inserting the copy into a new position within the same or another chromosome or plasmid. |
| alternative RNA splicing | A process in gene expression that enables the production of multiple forms of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) from a single RNA transcript, thus enabling the production of multiple forms of protein from one gene. |
| pseudogene | A sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid resembling but not functioning like a gene; usually produced by gene duplication followed by mutations that alter or abolish function. |
| activator | A molecule that modifies a repressor in a way that enables it to stimulate operon transcription. |
| enhancer | a short region of DNA that can be bound with proteins (namely, the trans-acting factors, much like a set of transcription factors) to enhance transcription levels of genes |
| chromatin | the combination of DNA, histone, and other proteins that makes up chromosomes. |
| heterochromatin | a tightly packed form of DNA, which comes in different varieties. |
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