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Evolution Bio 9
Evolution Notes for Test 3/8/13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is evolution? | Change over time |
| Is evolution a proven fact? | No- only a theory. |
| Plato | Real and Illusionary Worlds, true world vs. world perceived by the senses |
| Aristotle | Scale of Nature, fixed species on continuum from simple to complex |
| Cuvier | Catastrophism, history of Earth marked by floods or droughts that resulted in extinctions |
| Linnaeus | Natural Theology, discovery of a Creator's plan through species classification |
| Lamarck | Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, early explanation of evolution mechanism |
| Hutton | Gradualism, profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous process |
| Lyell | Uniformitarianism, geologic processes have constant rates through time |
| Malthus | Population Trends, if population continues to grow unchecked, we will eventually run out of resources |
| What did Darwin do? | Took notes, collected specimens and fossils |
| What were three organisms Darwin studied on the Galapagos Islands? | Giant land tortoises, marine iguanas, finches |
| What and when was Darwin's book? | 1859 On the Origin of Species |
| Darwin's Theory Natural Variation | Individual organisms in nature vary from one another; some variation is inherited |
| Darwin's Theory Overproduction | Organisms in nature produce more offspring than can survive; many that survive don't reproduce |
| Darwin's Theory Struggle for Existence | Because more organisms are produced than can survive, members if each species must compete for limited resources |
| Darwin's Theory Adaptations | Because each organism is unique, each has different advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence |
| Darwin's Theory Natural Selection/Survival of the Fittest | Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; favorable traits are passed on |
| Darwin's Theory Species Change Over Time | Natural selection causes change in a species' characteristics over long periods of time; new species arise and others disappear |
| Darwin's Theory Descent With Modification | Species alive today have descended with modifications from species that lived in the past |
| Darwin's Theory Common Descent | All organisms on Earth are united into a single tree of life by common descent |
| Fossils | Evidence of organisms that lived long ago; preserved or petrified; ice, amber, rock |
| Relative Fossil Dating | Estimates time of life based on other fossils |
| Radiometric Fossil Dating | Uses natural decay of unstable isotopes |
| Isotope Half-Life Fossil Dating | Time it takes for half of an isotope to decay; often uses carbon 14 |
| Fossil Record | Layers in sedimentary rock; clues as to organisms' lives; lower=older, higher=newer |
| Comparative Anatomy | Study off different organisms' structures |
| Vestigial Organs | Structures with no function in living organisms |
| Homologous Parts | Similar body parts; same structure, different function |
| Analogous Parts | Different structure, same function |
| Comparative Embryology | Study of developing organisms; start similar, become distinct through development |
| Comparative Biochemistry | Study of organisms at biochemical level (DNA, proteins) |
| Genetics | New alleles, recombination, mutations, selective breeding |
| Formation of Organic Molecules | UV radiation and lightning hit atmosphere (H cyanide, CO2, C monoxide, H sulfide, H2O); primordial ooze |
| Organic Molecule Hypothesis | Miller and Urey: lab model simulates early conditions and demonstrated that organic molecules can be made from inorganics |
| Meteorite Hypothesis | Fell near Australia, contained 90+ amino acids, 19 found on Earth |
| Iron-Sulfide Bubbles Hypothesis | Hydrothermal vents produce sulfur that mixes with ocean water to make rock compartments |
| Lipid Membrane Hypothesis | Lipid molecules spontaneously form membrane-enclosed spheres (liposomes) |
| RNA World | RNA was first genetic material; can replicate without enzymes; ribozymes are RNA molecules that catalyze chemical reactions, making organic molecules |
| First Organisms | Believed to evolve in ocean; anaerobic respiration; heterotrophs; chemosynthesis; later autotrophs and photosynthesis |
| Oxygen Revolution | Photosynthesis produced oxygen; aerobic respiration possible; evolution of different organisms |
| Adaptation | Trait aiding in organism survival and reproduction; products of evolution by natural selection |
| Variation | Raw material upon which natural selection acts |
| Complex Adaptation | Does not arise overnight; occurs over many generations; modifies things already existing |
| Structural Adaptation | Involve structure or anatomy; woodpecker's beak, anteater's snout |
| Physiological Adaptation | Chemical basis associated with organism's function; spider's web, snake venom, skunk smell, jellyfish sting |
| Behavioral Adaptation | Results from response to environment; birds migrating, plants growing to light, porcupines, hibernation |
| Species | Group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature |
| Speciation | Formation of new species |
| Geographic Isolation | Geological change that isolates segments of a population |
| Divergent Evolution | When one species evolves into two or more species with different characteristics |
| Convergent Evolution | Species that are not closely related evolve similar traits |
| Reproductive Isolation | The inability to exchange genes among species |
| Genetic Drift | Rapid changes in the numbers and kinds of genes in a small, isolated population |
| Adaptive Radiation | The divergent evolution and adaptation of species to different roles in new habitats |
| Gradualism Speciation | Slow, steady change in species |
| Punctuated Equilibrium Speciation | Slow evolution punctuated by short events of rapid evolution |
Created by:
reneslacis
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