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Phlebotomy 115
Phlebotomy 115 wk 6 ch. 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| considerations for care of elderly | loss of senses or dexterity |
| considerations for care of elderly | muscles are thinner |
| considerations for care of elderly | skin presents as thin or paper-like |
| urine strips | sensitive to light |
| quality control | make sure the instrument is operating correctly to ensure that the readings are accurate |
| standard deviation | results must be +/- 2 SD units |
| standard deviation | 95% of population fall w/in that number |
| accuracy | the closeness of a result to the actual value |
| precision | the reproducibility of the result |
| Quality assurance programs | aka Qualtiy Assurance Management |
| Quality assurance program | a quality control program ensures the accuracy & precision of the whole process-from the time the physician orders the test to the entering of the results into medical records |
| common POC test | blood glucose monitoring |
| common POC test | blood gas & electrolyte analysis |
| POC testing | measurement of blood electrolyte levels--Na+, K+, Cl-, & CO2 |
| POC test | myocardial infarction assessment |
| POC test | blood coagulation studies--prothrombin time (blue tube), bleeding times |
| prothrombin times (PT/IAT) | coagulation test (test for clotting) |
| glucose | the major carbohydrate in the bloodstream & used for energy by the body's cells |
| pancreas | normally it produces insulin which increases the uptake glucose by the body's cells for metabolism |
| Diabetes mellitus | group of chronic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from defects in either insulin secretion by the pancreas, insulin action, or both |
| Diabetes mellitus | a lack of insulin or diminished action of insulin results in higher levels of glucose in the blood |
| renal threshold | the concentration of a substance dissolved in the blood above which the kidneys begin to remove it into the urine |
| renal threshold | measuring range 0-160 mg/dl (@ 180 mg/dl body sends excess through urine) |
| diabetes | the most common reason for the glucose renal threshold ever being exceeded |
| ketones | products of fat metabolism ( acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid) |
| antigen | a substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system |
| antigen | trigger an immune response in the form of antibody |
| antibody | a Y-shaped protein produced by plasma cells during an immune response that recognizes & binds to a specific antigen because of the shape of the molecule |
| antibody | defend against invaders in a variety of ways, including neutralization, agglutination,& precipitation, or activation of the complement system |
| macrophage | a large phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte that lives in loose connective tissue & engulfs anything detecte as foreign |
| macrophage | activates the helper T cell |
| helper "T" cells | the "on" switch for both lines of immune response |
| helper "T" cells | after activation by macrophage, it divides forming effector helper cells and memory "T" cells |
| helper "T" cells | activate B cells & T cells |
| cytotoxic T cell (effector T cell) | responsible for cell-mediated immune responses |
| Cytotoxic T cell | when activated by helper T cells, it divides to form these & memory cytotoxic T cells |
| Cytotoxic T cells | destroys cellular targets, such as virus-infected body cells, bacteria, fungi, parasites, & cancer cells |
| suppressor T cell | the "off" switch for immune system |
| suppressor T cell | suppresses the activity of B cells and T cells after foreign cell or molecule has been successfully destroyed |
| macrophage | an antigen presenting cell |
| macrophage | engulfs & digests antigens |
| macrophage | places a piece of consumed antigen on its plasma membrane |
| macrophage | presents the antigen to a helper T cell |
| B cells | involved in antibody-mediated responses |
| B cells | when activated by helper T cell, it divides to form plasma cells & memory cells |
| plasma cell | effector in antibody-mediated response |
| plasma cell | secretes antibodies specific to the invader |
| memory cells | responsible for memory of immune system |
| memory cells | generated by B cells or any type of T cell during an immune response |
| memory cells | enable quick & efficient response on subsequent exposures of the antigen |
| memory cells | may live for years |
| cytotoxic T cells | destroy cells bearing a specific antigen |
| Natural killer cells | attack any cell that is not recognized as self |
| Immunoglobulin (Ig) | any of the five classes of proteins that constitute the antibodies |
| IgM | produced first after initial exposure |
| IgG | produced after IgM |
| IgG | located in the blood, lymph and the intestines |
| IgM | attached to B cell where it acts as a receptor for antigens; free in blood & lymph |
| antibodies | can only bind to antigens that are free in body fluids or on the surface of a cells |
| antibodies | their main targets are extracellular microbes, including bacteria, fungi, & protozoans |
| active immunity | immune resistance in which the body actively participates by producing memory B cells & T cells after exposure to an antigen, either naturally or through vaccination |
| active natural | contract disease and produce memory cells |
| passive natural | receive maternal antibodies through placenta or breast milk |
| active artificial | receive a vaccination & produce memory cells |
| passive artificial | receive antiserum w/ antibodies from another host |
| passive immunity | temporary immune resistance that develops when a person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or animal |
| agglutinate | to clump together (blood cells) |
| Rh- | only 15% of population |
| RhoGam | shot given to help mothers that might have Rh complications |
| Blood type A | has anti B antibodies |
| Blood type B | has anti A antibodies |
| Type AB | no antibodies; universal recipient |
| Type O | has both Anti-A & Anti-B antigens, universal donor |
| Type AB | can receive type A, B, O, or AB blood types |
| Type A blood | can receive A & O blood types |
| Type B Blood | can receive B & O blood types |
| Type O blood | can only receive type O blood |
| colorectal cancer screening | involves the use of fecal occult blood cards |
| Colorectal cancer screening | blue is positive |
| Colorectal cancer screening | the slides are either mailed or delivered to the lab & developed using the hydrogen peroxide developer |
| B cells | responsible for humoral immunity |
| T (lymphocyte) cells | originally derive from the bone marrow |
| T cells | involved in cell mediated immunity |
| differential | measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your blood |
| types of WBC | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, moncytes, lymphocytes |
| lymphocytes | attack damaged or diseased cells or produce antibodies |
| monocytes | give rise to macrophages, which consume bacteria, dead cells, and cell parts by phagocytosis |
| basophils | release histomine |
| eosinophils | consume antibody-antigen complex by phagocytosis, attatck parasitic worms |
| neutrophils | consume bacteria in phagocytosis |
| B lymphocytes | give rise to plasma cells, which, in turn, produce antibodies |
| antibodies | proteins that recognize specific molecules (antigens) on the surface of microbes that have invaded the body |
| troponin I | a protein released after a heart attack |
| hematocrit | represents the volume of circulating blood that is occupied by RBC |
| geriatric population | comprised of 15% of the US |
| geriatric population | comprised of 31% of the nation's health care expenses |
| blood gas analysis | Nova Biomedical Stat Profile pHOx analyzer |
| blood gas analysis | involves measurement of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) |
| blood gas analysis | measures partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) |
| blood gas analysis | measures pH |
| pO2 & pCO2 | analyzed whenever a patient has a heart or lung disorder |
| blood pH | determines whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline |
| Nova Stat Profile pHOx Plus | measures blood electrolyte levels (Na+, potassium K+, chloride Cl-, or calcium Ca+) |
| Nova Stat Profile pHOx Plus | can measure glucose, calculate bicarbonate (HCO-/3) & total carbon dioxide (TCO2) levels |
| Cardia STATus | measurement of troponin I, myoglobin, & creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) |
| Cardia STATus | assays use whole blood, plasma, or serum |
| Cardia STATus | a positive assay identifies an increase in troponin I, myoglobin, & CK-MB as a result of cardiac damage |
| hematocrit values | obtained to aid in the diagnosis & evaluation of anemia, less than normal erythrocytes, to evaluate blood volume & total RBC mass |
| hemoglobin test | another test to aid in the diagnosis & evaluation of anemia & other blood abnormalities |
| hemoglobin test | been determined by the AMA to be more accurate than the hematocrit test in diagnosis & treatment |
| HemoCue B-Hemoglobin System | POC analyzer used to measure hemoglobin |
| HemoCue B-Hemoglobin System | venous, capillary, or arterial whole blood sample is used to deteremine the patient's hemoglobin value |
| Ichor automated cell counter | used to determine the hematology parameters that include platelet count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC count, RBC count, & platelet aggregation results |
| AccuTrend (POC testing) | provides blood total cholesterol w/ fingerstick drop of blood in 3 minutes |
| AccuTrend (POC testing) | provides blood glucose w/ fingerstick drop of blood in 3 minutes |
| serial dilution | the progressive dilution of a substance or infectious agent in a series of tubes or wells in a tray in predetermined ratios, e.g. 2-fold or 10-fold dilution steps. |
Created by:
smkit03
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