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Biology 100 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| eukaryote | organism composed of eukaryotic cells |
| eukaryotic cell | a cell with a membrane-surrounded nucleus containing DNA, membrane-surrounded organelles, and internal structures organized into compartments |
| prokaryote | an organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell |
| procaryotic cell | a cell bound by a plasma membrane enclosing the cell contents; there is no nucleus or other organelles |
| plasma membrane | a complex, thin wo layered membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of the cell, holding the contents in place and regulating what enters and leaves the cell; also called the cell membrane |
| cytoplasm | the jelly-like fluid that fills the inside of the cell; in eukaryotes, the cytoplasm contains the organelles |
| ribosomes | granular bodies in the cytoplasm, released from their initial positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, that copy the information in segments of DNA to provide instruction for the construction of proteins |
| cell wall | a rigid structure, outside the cell membrane, that protects and gives shape to the cell; found in many prokaryotes and plants |
| flagellum | long, thin, whip like projection from the cell body of a prokaryote that aids in cell movement through the medium in which the organisms lives; in animals, the only cell with a flagellum is the sperm cell |
| pili | a thin, hair like projection that helps a prokaryote attach to surfaces |
| organelles | specialized structures in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells with specific functions, such as the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and mitochondria |
| nucleus | a membrane closed structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the organism's genetic information as linear strands of DNA in the form of chromosomes |
| endosymbiosis theory | theory of the origin of eukaryotes that holds that, in the past, two different types of prokaryotes engages in a close partnership and eventually once, capable of performing photosynthesis, was subsumed into the other, a larger prokaryote. the smaller pro |
| chloroplast | the organelle in plant cells in which photosynthesis occurs |
| mitochondrion | the organelle in eukaryotic cells that converts the energy stored in food in the chemical bonds of carbohydrate, fat, and protein molecules into a form usable by the cell for all its functions and activities |
| invagination | the folding in of a membrane or layer of tissue so that an outer surface becomes an inner surface |
| glycerol | a small molecule that forms the head region of a triglyceride fat molecule. |
| polar | having an electrical charge |
| non polar | electrically uncharged |
| phosopholipid bilayer | the structure of the plasma membrane; two layers of phospholipids, arranged tail to tail, with the hydrophilic head regions facing the watery extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid |
| transmembrane proteins | a protein that can penetrate the phospholipid bilayer of a cell's plasma membrane |
| surface proteins | a protein that resides primarily on the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer that constitutes the plasma membrane of the cell |
| receptor proteins | a protein in the plasma membrane that binds to specific chemicals in the cell's external environment to regulate processes within the cell; for example, cells in the heart have receptor proteins that bind to adrenaline |
| recognition proteins | a protein in the plasma membrane that provides a "fingerprint" on the outside facing surface of the cell, making it recognizable to other cells. recognition proteins make it possible for the immune system to distinguish the body's own cells from invaders |
| transport proteins | a transmembrane protein that provides a channel or passageway through which large or strongly charged molecules can pass. transport proteins are a number of shapes and sizes, making possible the transport of a wide variety of molecules |
| enzymatic proteins | enzymatic proteins take part in the chemical reactions on the inside and outside surfaces of the plasma membrane |
| cholesterol | one of the sterols, a group of lipids important in regulating growth and development; an important component of most cell membranes, helping the membrane maintain its flexibility |
| fluid mosaic | a term that describes the structure of the plasma membrane, which is made up of several different types of molecules, many of which are not fixed in place but float, held in proper orientation by hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces |
| passive transport | molecular movement that occurs spontaneously, without the input of energy; the two types of passive transport are diffusion and osmosis |
| diffusion | passive transport in which a particle is dissolved in a gas or liquid and moves from an area of higer solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration |
| solute | a substance that is dissolved in a gas or liquid |
| simple diffusion | diffusion of molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane that takes place without the assistance of other molecules; oxygen and carbon dioxide, because they are small and carry no charge that would cause them to be repelled |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion of molecules through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrand that takes place through a transport protein embedded in the membrane. molecules that require the assistance of a carrier molecule are those that are too big to cross the membr |
| osmosis | a type of passive transport in which water molecules move across a membrane, such as the plasma membrane of a cell; the direction of osmosis is determined by the relative concentrations of all solutes on either side of the membrane |
| tonicity | relationship between the concentrations of solutes inside the cell and solutes outside the cell |
| isotonic | refers to solutions with equal concentrations of solutes. |
| hypotonic | of two solutions, that with a lower concentration of solutes |
| hypertonic | of two solutions, that with a higher concentration of solute |
| active transport | |
| chromatin | |
| cilium | |
| cytoskeleton | |
| desmosome | |
| endocytosis | |
| endomembrane system | |
| exocytosis | |
| gap junction |
Created by:
gracemoreira
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