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Arthropods--BUGS!
Fleas, Flies, Lice, Ticks, Mites
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Incomplete Metamorphosis | AKA Simple Metamorphosis, looks like Mom & Dad but a different size. Example--Lice |
| Complete Metamorphosis | AKA Complex Metamorphosis, doesn't look like Mom or Dad. Example--Fleas |
| Instar | Period between molts--A stage between two successive molts |
| Nymphs | Immature Instars, similar to adults exc[t in size. No resting stage proceeding the last molt |
| Larvae | Stage similar in form but not size of adult. May or may not have thoracic legs, chewing mouthparts. |
| Pupae | Resting Stage, covered with protective material (cocoon). Hardest to kill. Final molt occurs at end of pupal phase. |
| Diptera | Flies |
| Mallophaga | Chewing Lice, broad head (wider than abdomen), do not feed on blood, just chew skin. |
| Anopluro | Sucking Lice, narrow, skinny head. Feed on blood and tissue fluids. Important cause of anemia and hypoproteinemia |
| Siphonaptera | Fleas |
| Mosquitoes | Only females bite. Require water to develop. Not all species transmit HW disease. Transmits: Malaria, arboviruses. |
| Family Tabanidae | Horse and Deer Flies. Very painful biters (cutting mouth part). Adults near marshes, trails, cleared areas. Larvae like decomposing, wet material and pastures. Trasmits: Tularemia, anthrax. |
| Myiasis | To be infested with flies. Eggs/Larvae deposited on wounds or carcasses by flies, adults are attracted by putrifyiny flesh. Can be Obligatory (depends on host for survival) or Facultative(Free Living, but parasitic if the opportunity arrises) |
| Family Oestridae. Oestrus Ovis | Sheep nasal bot, bot fly. Larvae migrate to internal nares and sinuses. |
| Family Hypodernatidae, Hypoderma sp. | Warbles, ox warble, cattle grub. Eggs deposited on feet/back of legs. Larvae hatch and penetrate skin. Migrate through body until reaches back, along spine. Affects leather production. |
| Family Gasterophilidae, Gasterophilus | Equine stomach bot. Eggs deposited on horses haircoat. Eggs or hatched larvae are ingested. Seen in feces. |
| Family Cuterebridae, Cuterebra | Rabbit or rodent bots. Eggs deposited along rabbit runs or borrow by flies and remain there until stimulated. Larvae generally migrate to neck, come out of the hole to breath. To remove,to mineral oil on & try to grab, or sedate and make incision. |
| Lice | Host specific. 2 types (Mallophagia & Anopluro). Incomplete Metamorphosis. Affects: Worse in winter, does not eat/sleep well, restlessness, self injury, poor hair coat. Transmission can occur via direct contact or via eggs on fomites (brushes, combs) |
| Trichodectes canis | Chewing louse of Dogs & wild canids. Vector of Diplyidium caninum. |
| Felicola subrostatus | Chewing louse of Cats. Usually only seen on aged or diseased cats or wild felids. |
| Damilinia bovis | Chewing louse of bovine, (wide head) |
| Damilinia equi | Chewing louse of equine, (wide head) |
| Linognathus setosus | Sucking louse of Dogs & wild canids. (skinny head). Seen particlarly on long haired breeds. |
| Haematopinus suis | Sucking louse of swine. |
| Ctenocephalides felis & stages | Dog and cat Flea. Complete metamorphosis. Egg (hatch 2-7 days) Larva (Pupate 8-14 days) Pupae (1-3 weeks, hardest to kill, mechanical stimuli for emergence) Adult (surive 1-2 weeks without bloodmeal) |
| Ctenocephalides felis & problems | Pupae may remain in cacoon for 30-50 weeks. Female fleas can produce 40-50 eggs/day. Affects: Annoyance and pruritus, iron deficiency anemia & death. Transmission of Rickettsial diseases, Dipylidium caninum and Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalenema) reconditum. |
| Mites | Most are free living. Incomplete metamorphosis (look like mom & dad), larvae have 6 legs, nypmhs have 8 legs. Cause: Anemia, skin irritation, mechanical transmission, zoonotic. |
| Sarcoptes scabiei | Infects most domestic animals (EXCEPT CATS). Adults burron in skin and deposit eggs, which develop in skin. Lesions: Dogs-elbows, pinna of ear. Long unjointed stalks on legs 1 & 2. Shave, keratolytic shampoo, use ivermectin, repeat over weeks. |
| Notoedres cati | Mange in cats. Siilar to S. scabiei. Lesions--medial edge of pinna of ears, neck, head. Affects: Pruritus, self-mutilation, gray crusts, secondary pyoderma. Localized (infection from dams during nursing) or Generalized. (all over, may be fatal) |
| Demodex canis | "Red mange". A normal fauna in canines resides in follicles. Causes problems with immune deficiencies. Cigar shaped. Ivermectin/Amitraz. |
| Cheyletiella | "Walking dandruff" of cats, dogs, rabbits. Large hooked mouthparts. Affects: pruritus. Diagnosis: brush debris onto black paper, white moving. Fecal. |
| Otodectes cynotis | Ear mite of dogs and cats. Black, waxy discharge in ears, head shaking/scratching. Ear swab--mites have long, unjointed pedicels. Treatment: Ivermectin, Tresaderm, Selamectin. |
| Choriptes sp. | Cattle/Sheep(sometimes) mange. Prefers tail, legs. Often asymptomatic. Short, unjointed pedicels. Treatment: organophosphates. |
| Psoroptes sp. | Cattle/Sheep mange. Wore than Choriptes. Needs quarantined, report to USDA. Severe pruritus. Weigh loss. Treatment: organophosphate, ivermectin, lime sulfer dips. |
| Psoroptes cuniculi | Ear canker on stressed rabbits. Dark, crusted material in ears, shaking head. Treat with Ivermectin, prevent with mineral oil. |
| Ticks | Blood sucking acarinas--Hard or Soft. Have host preferences. Adult ticks caningest 200-600x their body weight. Can lay 20,000 eggs in a single mass. Anemia in infestations. Must be attached 24-48 hours to transmit disease. Obligate blood feeders. |
| Clinical signs of Tick Problems and Prevention | Owners report a tick or 'lump'. Weakness, pale MM. Arthritis like symptoms of lameness, joint and muscle pain, fever (Lyme disease). Asymptomatic, vasculitis.Remove: curved hemostat, fingers with kleenex, do not smother or burn-they can hold their breath. |
| Otobius megnini | Spinose ear tick. Prefered host: horses, cattle, sheep, goats, dog. Only larval and nymph are parasitic. |
| Amblyomma americanum | Lone Star tick (hard.) Prefered host nymph/adult: birds, small mammals, people/cattle, horses, dogs, people Vector for: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia. Tick paralysis. |
| Dermacentor variabilis | American dog tick. Ornate. Has festoons (skirt). Prefered host nymph/adult: mice and small mammals/dogs, cattle, horses. Vector for: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Cytauxzoon felis. Most common in US. |
| Dermacentor andersoni | Rocky Mountain wood tick. Prefered host nymph/adult: small mammals/ cattle, horses, people. Causes tick paralysis. |
| Ixodes scapularis | Black-legged tick (deer tick). Prefered host nymph/adult: White-footed mice, White-tailed deer. Vetor of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdoferi) |
| Rhipicephalus sanguineus | Brown dog tick. Prefered host: dogs. Vector of: Erlichia, babesia, RMSF (not common). Can live full life cycle in a house. |
| Tick Paralysis | Ascending, flaccid, afebrile, painless paralysis. Due to bite of female tick. Releases neuromuscular toxins in saliva that may lead to deth and respiratory paralysisif not removed. Primarily caused by Dermacentor andersoni |
| Delusory Parasitosis | A person believes that they have an infestation/infection of an arthropod or parasite and will not consider other reasons for their condition. |
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Vatalanii
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