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Bio ch 26
Bio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Species | An evolutionary independent population or group of populations. |
| Biological species concept | The critical criteria for identifying species is reproduction isolation. |
| Prezygotic isolation (before-zygote) | Which prevents individuals from different species from mating. |
| Postzygotic isolation | In which the offspring of matings between members of different species do not survive or reproduce. |
| Morphospecies concept | Researchers identify evolutionary independent linages by different sizes, shape, or other morphological features. |
| Cryptic species | Species that differ in traits more than just morphology. |
| Synapomorphy | Is a trait found in certain groups of organisms that exists in no others. |
| Subspecies | Populations that live in discrete geographic areas and have distinguishing features, such as coloration, or calls, but are not considered distinct enough to be called separate morphospecies. |
| Vicariance | Physical splitting of habitat. |
| Allopatric isolation | Speciation that begins with physical isolation via either dispersal vicariance. |
| Allopatry | Populations that live in different areas. |
| Biogeography | The study of how species and populations are distributed geographically. |
| Sister species | They are each others closest relative |
| Sympatry | Populations that live in the same geographic area, or at least close enough to one another to make interbreeding possible. |
| Symatric speciation | Speciation that occurs even though gene flow is possible- rare or nonexistent |
| Polyploid | The state of having more than two full sets of chromosomes. |
| Autopolyploid | Individuals are produced when a mutation results in a doubling of chromosome number and the chromosomes all came from the same species. |
| Allopolyploid | Individuals are produced when parents that belong to different species mate and produce an offspring where chromosome number doubles. |
| Reinforcement | Natural selection for traits that prevent interbreeding between recently diverged species. |
| Hybrid zone | Geographic area where interbreeding occurs and hybrid offspring are common. |
| Population | A group of individuals from some species that live in the same area and regularly interbreed. |
| Natural selection | Increases the frequency of certain alleles- the ones that contribute to reproductive success in a particular environment |
| Genetic drift | Causes allele frequencies to change randomly |
| Gene flow | Occurs when individuals leave one population, join another, and breed. |
| Mutation | Modifies allele frequencies by continuously introducing new alleles. |
| Gene pool | All the gametes produced in each generation go into a single group called the gene pool, and then combine at random to form offspring. |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle | Principle of population genetics stating that genotype frequencies in a large population do not change from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary processes. |
| Genetic variation | The number and relative frequency of alleles that are present in a particular population. |
| Directional selection | A technique for identifying and studying micro organisms that cannot be grown in culture |
| Purifying selection | Selection that lowers the frequency or even eliminates delirious alleles |
| Stabilizing selection | A pattern of natural selection that favors phenotypes near the middle of the range of phenotypic variation |
| Disruptive selection | A pattern of natural selection that favors phenotypes that are on either extreme end of the range of phenotypic variation. |
| Heterozygous advantage | A pattern of natural selection that favors heterozygous individuals compared with homozygous. |
| Balancing selection | A pattern of natural selection in which no single allele is favored in all populations of a species at all times |
| Frequency- dependent selection | A pattern of selection in which certain alleles are favored only when they are rare |
| Genetic drift | Any change in allele frequency in a population that is due to chance. |
| Sampling error | When drift occurs, allele frequencies change due to blind luck. |
| Genetic marker | A specific allele that causes a distinct phenotype |
| Founder effect | A change in allele frequencies that occurs when a new population is established |
| Genetic bottleneck | Sudden reduction in the number of alleles in a population. Drift occurs durning genetic bottlenecks and causes a change in allele frequencies. |
| Gene flow | Movement of alleles from one population to another |
| Microbes | Microscopic organisms |
| Microbiology | The study of organisms that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope |
| Antibiotics | Are molecules that kill bacteria, and are produced naturally by a wide array of soil-dwelling bacteria and fungi |
| Bioremediation | Using bacteria and archaea to clean up sites polluted with organic solvents |
| Extremophiles | Bacteria or archaea that live in high salt, high temp, low temp, high pressure habitats. |
| Enrichment cultures | Based on establishing a specified set of growing conditions- temp, lighting, substrate, types of available food, ext |
| Thermophiles | Organisms that grow between 45*C and 75*C, are considered to be heat lovers |
| Monophyletic groups | An ancestral population and all it's descendants |
| Eukarya | Range from single celled organisms to blue whales |
| Protists | All eukaryotes that are not green plants, fungi, or animals |
| Paraphaletic group | Representing some but not a,, of the descendants of a single common ancestor |
| Primary producers | Species that use photosynthesis to transform some of the energy in sunlight into chemical energy that they use to grow Ad produce offspring |
| Plankton | Diatoms and other small organisms that live near the surface of oceans or lakes |
| Food chains | Nutritional relationships among organisms, and thus how chemical energy flows within ecosystems |
| Global carbon cycle | The carbon atoms in carbon dioxide molecules move to organisms in the soil or the ocean and then back to the atmosphere |
| Flagellum | Organelles that project from the cell and whip back and forth to produce swimming movements |
| Endosymbiosis theory | Proposes that mitochondria originated when a bacterial cell took up residence inside eukaryotes about 2 billion years ago. |
| Symbiosis | Occurs when two individuals of different species live in physical contact. |
| Pseudopidia | Flexible membrane and dynamic cytoskeleton give these species the ability to surround and "swallow" prey using long, finger like projection |
| Decomposes | Protists that live by absorptive feeding, meaning they feed on dead organic matter, or detritus. |
| Parasite | Organism that is an absorptive species that harms its host species |
| Ameboid Morton | Sliding movement observed in some protists |
| Fertilization | The fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote. |
| Alternation of generations | Is the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms |
| Gametophyte | Is the multicellular haploid form, because specialized cells in the individual produce gametes by mitosis. |
| Sporophyte | Is the multicellular diploid form, because it has specialized cells that undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells called spores |
| Plantae | Refers to the monophyletic group that includes glaucophyte algae, red algae, green algae, and land plants |
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