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AP Biology
Chapters 18-20 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| capsid | The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape. |
| bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. |
| lytic cycle | A type of viral (phage) replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell. |
| lysogenic cycle | A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host. |
| prophage | A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome. |
| retrovirus | An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses. |
| reverse transcriptase | An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. |
| transduction | A DNA transfer process in which phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another. (2) In cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. |
| conjugation | In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. In ciliates, a sexual process in which two cells exchange haploid micronuclei. |
| R plasmid | A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. |
| transposon | A transposable genetic element that moves within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate. |
| operon | A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions. |
| histones | A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in its chromatin structure. |
| DNA methylation | (blank) |
| differentiation | The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome. |
| oncogenes | A gene found in viruses or as part of the normal genome that is involved in triggering cancerous characteristics. |
| gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). |
| genetic engineering | The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. |
| recombinant DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources. |
| biotechnology | The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products. |
| cloning | Using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals. |
| restriction enzymes | A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium. |
| restriction fragment lengths polymorphisms | Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps. |
| restriction site | A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme. |
| sticky ends | A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment. |
| DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of a new DNA fragment to the 5’ end of a growing chain. |
| polymerase chain reaction | A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides. |
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swimifishi
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