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BSC111 CH33
BSC 111H Kreiser
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Invertebrate % of animals | 95% |
| Number of animal species and phyla | 35 phyla;1.3 million species |
| Phylum Porifera | greeks called them plants lack muscles/nerves, but have other animal characteristics ~9,000 species (mostly marine) porous monophyletic; possibly paraphyletic |
| Sponge body plan | 2 layers w/ gelatinous interior mesohyl spongocoel choanocytes amoebocytes structural support - spicules & collagen |
| spongocoel | internal chamber with exit (osculum) |
| choanocytes | flagellated cells in internal chamber, generate water currents and uptake food |
| amoebocytes | travel mesohyl - food uptake and transport; secrete skeletal elements; reproduction |
| spicules | calcium carbonate or silica rods/support |
| collagen | spongning - allows rigidity to bounce back to original shape |
| Feeding | Suspension feeders |
| Reproduction | hermaphrodites eggs retained, sperm released free swimming larval stage capable of asexual reproduction ( regenerative powers) |
| Porifera phyla - Calacrea | calcareous sponges (marine) |
| Porifera phyla - Silicea | spongin with or without silica spiclues; 95% of all species |
| Phylum Cnidaria | Jellyfish & sea anemones > 10,000 (mostly marine) Cnidaria (knidae = nettle) |
| Cnidarian body plan | diploblastic w/ radial symmetry; mesoglea in middle gastrovascular cavity(digestion); single opening Dimorphic life cycle (2 forms) - polyp & medusa oral/aboral ends cnidocytes (nematocysts) |
| cnidocytes( nemadocysts) | secretes a toxin; chemical/mechanical stimulus to fire |
| Class Hydrozoza | hydroids dimorphic life cycle polyp form prevalent; often form colonies (specialized for feeding, reproduction) |
| Hydrozoa life cycle | Diploid - colony of polyps releases medusa bud Haploid - meiosis and fertilization of separate egg and sperm Diploid - zygote->planula->polyp->colony |
| Class Scyphozoa | jellyfish medusa stage is dominant |
| Class Anthozoa | sea anemones and corals polyp stage only; solitary or colonial |
| Class Cubozoa | sea wasps and box jellies medusa dominant stage tropical species; many are very toxic |
| Radiata - Phylum Ctenophora | Comb jellies similar in appearance to cnidarians 100 species;marine only cten;phero = comb/to bear |
| Ctenophore body plan | comb plates retractable tentacles colloblasts |
| comb plates | 8 rows of fused cilia; locomotion |
| colloblasts | lasso cells - a sticky headed structure; trawl with tentacles |
| Ctenophora Ecology | predatores; trawl with tentacles for zooplankton or larger organisms |
| Bilateria | starts the coelomate animals |
| Protostomia & Deuterostoma | division of coelomates |
| Acoelomate and pseudocoelomate | secondary loss of coelom |
| Protostomia | two groups - Lophtrochozoa (most diverse in form) & Ecdysozoa |
| Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Platyhelminthes | worm as a grade - organisms with long thin bodies |
| Flatworms | platy/helminth = flat/worm 20,000 marine, feshwater, terrestrial free-living & parasitic |
| Flatworm body plan | triploblastic; acoelomate; incomplete gut |
| Class Turbellaria | Planaria; free living structure - no circulatory or gas exchange systems - highly branched gut gas exchange by diffusion simple excretory system ( wastes and osmoregulation) invasion of freshwater and land |
| Class Monogenea | ectoparasites (on the outside; has an anchor to the host) |
| Class Trematoda | flukes (living inside) endoparasites - some with complex life cycles |
| a parasites life | tough covering (tegument); attachment structures (suckers & hooks); body is mostly reproductive organs ex:Schistosoma - blood flukes |
| Class Cestoidea | tapeworms endoparasites classic parasite body plan |
| Cestoidea body plan | attachment structures; lots of repro structures (proglottids); no digestion/circulation (absorb from host) |
| Life cycle of Human Tapeworm | human host; eggs in feces; secondary hosts ingests eggs; eggs hatch and larvae burrow into muscles (cysts); human eats undercooked meat; cysts develop into adult worms |
| Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Rotifera | rotifers 1800 species; mostly freshwater very small (.o5 - 2.0 mm) rota/fera = wheel/to bear |
| Phylum Rotifera body plan | triploblastic psuedocoelomate (used for circulation) complete digestive system corona,trophi(jaws) |
| corona | ciliated structure at mouth |
| Rotifera reproduction | most use parthenogenesis - no male; females develop from unfertilized eggs others - male is very reduced |
| Lophophorates | embryology is intermediate between protostomes and deutoerostomes;molecular data = protostome key feature= lophophore u-shaped gut head absent sessile true coelom |
| lophophore | ciliated structure around mouth for suspension feeding |
| Phylum Ectoprocta (bryozoa) | "moss animals" mostly colonial hard exoskeleton connection between individuals some specialization |
| Phylum Phoronida | tube-dwelling worms; buried in sediment; extends lophophore for feeding |
| Phylum Brachiopoda | lampshells (resemble bivalve mollusks) attached to substrate by a stalk 30,000 extinct species; now only about 330 |
| Phylum Nemertea | proboscis or ribbon worms 900 species; mostly marine acoelomae with coelomic sac that extens proboscis complete digestive tract closed circulatory system (better for activity) most predators - catch prey w/ proboscis then subdue with toxin |
| Phylum Mollusca | 93000 species; marine but some fresh water/terrestrial;8 classes (we cover 4) molluscus - soft |
| Mollusca body plan | foot, viscreal mass, mantle, mouth w/ radula, trocophore larvae |
| mantle | tissue that covers viscreal mass, secretes shell and encloses the mantle cavity |
| Class Polyplacophora (mollusca) | chitons 8 shells covering viscreal mass muscular food -locomotion and suction to substrate intertidal grazers |
| Class Gastropoda (mollusca) | snails largest class 40,000 marine, fresh, terrestrial torsion (lost in some groups); some able to retract into shell shell present in most (not in slugs) mostly grazers; some predators |
| torsion | not shell coiling; 180 degree rotation of viscreal mass (mantle cavity overhead) |
| Class Bivalvia (mollusca) | mussels and clams 2nd largest group - mostly marine; some fw shell made of 2 halves; hinged dorsally lateral compression; spacious mantle cavity; hatchet foot move- foot or sessile glochidia larvae mantle lures |
| glochidia larvae | tiny larvae that look like mollusks that attach to fish gills |
| mantle lures | either look like fish or simpler lures; lure fish toward them the n spray glochidia on fish |
| Class Cephalopoda (mollusca) | octopus/squid 650; marine cephalo/poda = head/fooot closed circulatory system; well developed nervous system; complex eye; siphon/funnel; prehensile arms/tentacles |
| Phylum Annelida | 15000, fw, marine, terrestrial annelida = little rings (segmented) rings indicate serial arrangements of coelomic cavities serial homology coleoic compartments - hydrostatic skeleton closed cirulatory system; digestive system; metanephridia nerves |
| serial homology | repetition of parts leads to potential for regional specialization |
| Class Oligochaeta (annelida) | terrestrial and fw basic worm body plan; no head or specialized appendages earthworms -vital for soil fertility |
| Class Polychaeta (annelida) | mostly marine parapodia - paddle like appendages see some regional specialization in parapodia (gills and anchors) |
| Former Class Hirudinea - now in Oligochaeta (annelida) | leeches predators, scavengers, parasites secretes anesthetic and anticuoagulant medical use in past -> today |
| Protostomia - Ecdysozoa | clade shares character of ecdysis (molting) 2 groups - neatodes (pseudocoelomate) and arthropods (coelomate) |
| Phylum Nematoda | 90,000; all habitats worm body; tiny <1mm; can grow larger cuticle -must be shed to grow |
| Phylum Nematoda Ecology | decompsers Caenorhabitis elegans - model organism in genetic research agricultural pests human and animal parasites - pinworms, richinosis, elephantiasis, heartworms |
| Phylum Arthropoda | species > milion segmented potential for specialization exoskelton - chitin w/ cuticle cover: anchors muscles, protects and limits water loss; but must be shed to allow growth open cirulatory system |
| Four subphyla (arthropoda) | Trilobites Chelicerates Myriapods Crustaceans Hexapods Chelicerates |
| Chelicerates | Chelicerae - feeding appendage Class Arachnida - spiders, ticks, mites scorpions Class Chelicerata - horseshoe crabs |
| Myriapods | Class Diplopoda - millipedes - 2 pairs legs/segment - detritus eaters Class Chilopoda - centipedes - 1 pair legs/segment - carnivores |
| Hexapods | insects 3 body regions dominate terrestrial and fw system |
| Hexapods - Order Hemiptera | true bugs piercing mouth parts Human Bedbug Stink Bug Assassin beetles |
| Hexapods - Order Hymenoptera | ants, bees, wasps social; some form colonies |
| Hexapods - Order Lepidoptera | butterflies, moths |
| Hexapods - Order Orthoptera | grasshoppers, crickets, locusts |
| Hexapods - Order Coleptera | beetles four wings - outer wings hardened shell, inner wings |
| Hexapods - Order Diptera | flies two wings bot flies medical uses - maggot debridement therapy ( maggots eat dead skin and clean out wound) |
| Crustaceans | dominate marine systems multiple appendages often specialized Class Malacostraca |
| Class Malacostraca - Order Decapoda (crustaceans) | decapod crabs (crayfish, blue crabs, lobster) |
| Class Malacostraca - Order Isopoda (crustaceans) | pill bugs |
| Deuterostomia | us and echinoderms deuterosome coelomates share a common ancestor |
| Phylum Echinodermata | echin/derma = spiny skin endoskeleton of calcareous plates water vascular system - hydraulic canals control feet (movement, feeding); madreporite secondary pseudo radial symmetry in adults |
| madreporite | brings in water |
| Class Asteroidea (echinodermata) | sea stars regenerative gets urchin to attach to mouth, throws up stomach and digests the urchin from the inside out |
| Class Echinoidea (echinodermata) | teste- echinoderm shell sea urchins and sand dollars |
| Class Holothuroidea (echinodermata) | sea cucumbers |
Created by:
Chouette
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