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2150: Exam 2
blood and heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Erythrocytes | bags of hemoglobin (97%) |
| Red Blood Cells | Viscosity of blood is dependent on the number of? |
| Function of Red Blood Cells | Transport Oxygen |
| # of RBC's in healthy adult | average 5 million/mm3 or approximately 2.5 trillion |
| Oxyhemoglobin | when O2 is bound to H globin; bright red; forms a new 3 D shape |
| Deoxyhemoglobin | when O2 detaches from H globin; dark red returns to original 3 D shape |
| Carbaminohemoglobin | CO2 + H globin |
| hematopoiesis | red blood cell production; occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur |
| Erythropoietin | produced by kidney cells during Hypoxia |
| Hypoxia | low oxygen in blood |
| low erythropoietin | kidney diseases |
| bilirubin | heme is degraded into this yellow pigment |
| erythrocyte life span | 120 days |
| Hemorrhagic Anemia | blood loss |
| Hemolytic Anemia | RBC's rupture; Mismatched transfusion. Bacteria, virus infection |
| Aplastic anemia | destruction of red bone marrow- toxins, drugs, radiation |
| Iron-deficiency anemia | low iron in diet = small, pale RBC's |
| microcytes | small, pale RBC's |
| aplastic | cells cannot change |
| Pernicious anemia | low vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor ( intestinal mucosa; absorbs bit B12) |
| Polycythemia | excess erythrocytes and increased blood viscosity; hematocrit 80% |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| diapedesis | when White blood cells move out of blood vessels and cause an inflammatory response |
| 2 types of leukocytes | granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| agranulocytes | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| Defensis | antibody like proteins found in granules of neutrophils |
| neutrophils | go to site of inflammation; active phagocytes; ingest bacteria and fungi; Defensis in granules |
| Eosinophil | attack against parasitic worms;enzymes in granules digest surface of parasite |
| lymphocytes | crucial in immunity |
| two types of lymphocytes | T cells and B cells |
| T Cells | act on on virus infected cells and tumor cells |
| B cells | Plasma cell and antibodies; stay in bone marrow |
| Monocytes | largest WBC; phagocytic; move into tissues and turn into macrophages |
| seratonin | increase vascular spasm (helps reduce blood loss) |
| ADP | attracts more platelets |
| Thromboxane | increases vascular spasms and attracts more platelets |
| PGI2 (prostacyclin) | a strong platelet repellent |
| PDGF | platelet derived growth factor released by platelets stimulates repair of blood vessel |
| Plasmin | dissolves away clot |
| Heparin | anticoagulant to prevent spontaneous clot formation; in granules of basophils and mast cells and endothelial cells |
| Warfam | synthetically produced Heparin ; rat poison |
| Hemophilia A | a deficiency in clotting factor VIII |
| Hemophilia B | a deficiency in clotting factor 1x |
| Hemophilia C | deficiency in clotting factor XI |
| Universal recipient | AB |
| Universal Donor | O |
| Point of Maximal Intensity | where apex contacts chest wall |
| epicardium | same as visceral layer of serous pericadium |
| myocardium | bulk of hear, composed of cardiac muscle that contracts |
| endocardium | shiny white sheet of endothelial cells |
| Atria | receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart |
| Blood enters right atrium through: | superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus (myocardium) |
| Blood enters left atrium through: | right and left pulmonary veins |
| Ventricles | discharging chambers containing papillary muscles |
| Right Ventricle | pulmonary circulation |
| Left ventricle | systemic circulation |
| arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
| veins | carry blood to the heart |
| Atrioventricular Valves | prevent back flow into atria when ventricles contract |
| Semilunar valves | prevent back flow into ventricles; guard the exit points of each ventricle |
| Autorhythmic cells | depolarize spontaneously and rhythmically and give off stimulus for cardiac muscles to contract |
| Ectopic Focus | some other area of heart not SA node assumes control of heart rate |
| Parasympathetic system | decreases heart rate |
| sympathetic cardiac nerves | increase heart rate and force contraction |
| beta blocker | keeps heart rate down |
| P wave | depolarization wave from SA node - atria |
| QRS complex | ventricular depolarization (obscures atrial replorization) |
| T wave | ventricular re-polarization (slower than depolarization) T wave spread out |
| P-Q interval | beginning of atrial contraction to beginning of ventricular excitation |
| S-T interval | entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized |
| Q-T interval | beginning of ventricular depolarization through re-polarization |
| systole | contraction |
| diastole | relaxation |
| cardiac cycle | all events associated with one complete heartbeat |
| cardiac output | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute |
| stroke volume | Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat |
| Cardiac Output Formula | HR( beats/min) x SV(ml/beat) |
| EDV | volume of blood inside chambers after the relaxation phase |
| ESV | volume of blood inside chambers after the contraction phase |
| hyperkalemia | lowers resting membrane potential ; heart block |
| hypkalemia | abnormal rhythms; feeble heart beats |
| aetherosclerosis | when plaque builds up in the arteries |
| heart attack | blood flow to a section of heart muscle becomes blocked |
| coronary artery disease | a fatty plaque builds up over many years on the inside walls of the coronary arteries |
| angina | is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when not enough blood is flowing to the heart muscle |
| heart failure | the heart can't pump sufficient blood to the body with enough force |
| thrombus | clot may block blood vessel |
| emobolus | breaks away from vessel wall and enters blood stream |
Created by:
BRYR0B
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