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BSC111 CH32
BSC 111H Kreiser
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is an animal (general)? | multicellular, heterotrophic ingestive, eukaryotes, tissues develop from embryonic germlayers |
| no cell walls | extracellular structural proteins (collagen - unique to animals |
| unique tissue types | nervous and musclular |
| life history characteristics | sexual reproduction - dip dominant small flagellated sperm fertilizes nomotile egg embryotic development pattern gastrulation some develop into adults, others w/ intermediate larval stage(s) Hox genes |
| embryonic development pattern | zygote -> cleavage ->multiple cells -> blastula -> gastrula |
| Hox genes | guide development by regulating expression of other genes |
| gastrulation | formation of embryonic tissue layers |
| first animal | protist ancestor (like fungi) |
| 1 bya | animals and fungi diverge |
| 675-800 mya | common ancestor of animals; probably colonial and flagellated - like choanoflagellates |
| choanoflagellate ancestor | a. colonial protsis -> sphere of specialized cells -> specialization of cells -> infolding -> gastrula-like cavity |
| first fossil recor | late Precambrian and early Cambrian (565-500mya) |
| Ediacaran (late Precambrian | relatively few groups (sponges/cnidarians); all soft bodied organisms; few groups but trace fossils of arthropods and mollusks |
| Cambrian | all major animal groups (phyla) appear in fossil record |
| Cambrian Explosion Hypothesis | predator vs. prey increase o2 allowed for higher metabolic rates and larger body sizes diversification of Hox genes - diverse body plans |
| ecology of predator vs. prey | better locomotion helped capture prey; adaptations for escaping predation |
| 460 mya | invasion of land by first arthropods |
| 360 mya | vertebrates make it on land |
| Mesozoic 251 - 65.5 mya | no new body plans but widespread ecological diversification; age of dinosaurs, origin or mammals and angiosperm diversification |
| Cenozoic 65.5 mya - present | mass extinction, rise of mammals |
| body plan | set of morphological and developmental traits |
| grades | groups sharing certain body plan features (grade does not necessarily equal a clade) |
| Parazoa/ Eumetazoa grade | sponges - without true tissues( Porifera) vs. rest (with tissues) |
| Radial symmetry | can be cut through the center; circular symmetry (jellies) |
| Bilateral symmetry | can be cut in half |
| Cnidarians(jellies)/ Centophores (comb jellies) | jellies = radial; rest = bilateral Diploblastic |
| cephalization | anterior end with sensory organs |
| Radiata/ Bilatera | mumber of germ layers; gastrulation |
| Radial | sessile or drifting - sense environment all around them |
| Bilateral | directional movement - meets environment head on |
| Diploblastic | ectoderm, endoderm |
| Triploblastic | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| germ layers | layers of cells produced by gastrulation |
| acoeloates | solid body, no cavity between gut and body wall |
| pseudocoelomates | body cavity, but not lined by mesoderm tissue |
| coelomates | true coelom |
| role of body cavity | hydrostatic skeleton; for functioning of internal organs ( protection, independence) in an earthworm each cavity is fluid filled and as the earthworm contracts in one section, the decontracts it is able to stretch forward. |
| protosome | first mouth; arthropods, mollusks and annelids spiral and determinate cleavage coelom form s from splits in the mesoderm anus on top, mouth bottom |
| deuterosome | second mouth, first anus; echinoderms and chordates radial and indeterminate cleavage coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron mouth on top, anus on bottom |
| Lophophorates | separate from deuterosomes |
| recognized animal phyla | 35 |
| points of agreement between molecular and traditional views | all animals share a common ancestor sponges are basal (molecular data- probably monophyletic Eumetazoa radiata / bilateria – basal eumetazoans (jellies) radial symmetry;rest bilateral deuterostomes = monophyletic group (includes chordates other phyla) |
| Eumetazoa | clade of all animals except sponges |
| points of disagreement between molecular and traditional views | protosome = acoel, pseudo, coelomates in protostomia |
| Morphology based tree | two clades of bilaterians based on development pattern protostome & deuterosome arthropods & annelids grouped based on segmentation of bodies |
| Molecular based tree | 3 main clades of bilaterian animals -Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa - acoel flatworms not within Platyhelminthes and are the basal bilateria group the non deuterostome animals in two clades |
| Non-Deuterosome Clades - Lophotrochozoa | e.g. mollusks and annleids - share a trochophore larval stage lophophore bearing coelomates -bryozoans |
| Non-Deuterosome Clades - Ecdysozoa | Arthropods and nematodes (pseudo.) exoskeletons that are molted for growth |
| Ecdysis | exoskeleton molted periodically for growth |
Created by:
Chouette
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