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Chapter 6 - MUSCLES
Flashcards used to help study how muscles are composed and how they function.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility |
| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| The ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| The ability to recoil to their (muscles) original resting lenth after they have been stretched. | elasticity |
| Muscles produce _______. | HEAT |
| Connective tissue that surrounds each skeletal muscle | epimysium |
| Connective tissue located OUTSIDE the epimysium | fascia |
| Muscle cells | muscle fibers |
| What loose connective tissue surrounds muscle fasiculi? | perimysium |
| Connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber | endomysium |
| The cytoplasm of each muscle fiber is filled with _________. | myofibrils |
| Myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers called _________ and _________. | actin, myosin |
| Actin and Myosin myofilaments form units called ________. | sarcomeres |
| Sarcomeres extend from _______ to _______. | Z line to Z line |
| Z lines and I bands are made up of? | actin |
| A bands are made up of? | myosin |
| The outside of most membranes are ______ charged; The inside of the cell membrane is _______ charged. | 1) positively 2) negatively |
| The Charge difference across a membrane is called the ________ _________ _________. | resting membrane potential |
| When a muscle is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly. What is this called? | action potential |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| Each branch that connects to a muscle | neromuscular junction |
| Another name for neuromuscular junction | synapse |
| A single MOTOR neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers around it innervates | motor unit |
| The space between a presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| The muscle fiber at the end of a "synapse chain" | postsynaptic terminal |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains _____ _____. | synaptic vesicles |
| Synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called? | acetylcholine |
| What does acetylcholine do? | diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds the postynaptic terminal, causing a change in the postsynaptic cell |
| Acetylcholine is released from synaptic vesicles when? | When an action potential reaches the nerve terminal |
| Muscle cell membrane | sarcolemma |
| Acetylcholine is broken down by this | acetylcholinesterase |
| Occurs when actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another | muscle contraction |
| What "mechanism" is responsible for muscle contractions? | sliding filament mechanism |
| In a sliding filament mechanism, which bands of a sarcomere shorten and which do not change in length? | The H and I bands shorten, but the A bands do not change in length |
| Contraction of and entire muscle in response to a stimulus | muscle twitch |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to a stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called _______. | threshold |
| The phenomenon of a muscle contracting maximally at threshold is called what? | all-or-none response |
| The time of contraction | contraction phase |
| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
| The time during which a muscle relaxes | relaxation phase |
| If you get successive stimuli you get | successive twitches |
| If you get successive twitches | the muscle doesn't have time to fully relax |
| When a muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| Energy that causes muscle contraction | ATP |
| Where ATP is produced | mitochondria |
| Is ATP long-lasting and stable? | No. |
| ATP degenerates into | ADP |
| Is ADP stable? | Yes! |
| Muscles must always create | ATP |
| Muscles cannot store _______ when at rest. | ATP |
| Muscles CAN store a high energy molecule called | creatine phosphate |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| The reason we breath heavily after exercise even though our muscles are not active | oxygen debt |
| Oxygen debt is? | the amount of oxygen needed for chemical reactions to convert lactic acid into glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells |
| Happens when ATP is used faster than it is made | muscle fatigue |
| 2 types of muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic |
| In isometric contractions there is equal _______. | length |
| In isotonic contractions there is equal _______. | tension |
| The level at which muscles are conditioned and in shape. | muscle tone |
| Muscle fibers that contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast-twitch fibers |
| Muscle fibers that contract slowly and fatigue slowly | slow-twitch fibers |
| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| closes eyelids and causes crows feet | orbicularis oculi |
| used to pucker lips | orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks | buccinator |
| smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
| sneering muscle | levator labii superioris |
| frowning muscle | depressor anguli oris |
| rotates your head | sternocleidomastoid |
| 2 types of toungue muscles | intrinsic and extrinsic |
| extrinsic muscles | moves tongue |
| intrinsic muscles | changes shape of tongue |
| Together, the orbicularis oris and the buccinators are known as what? | the "kissing muscles" |
Created by:
Chase Marcum
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