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What is the Genetic Code:
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Give three rules of the Genetic Code:
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Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis at A2

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What is the Genetic Code: The rules and codons from producing a polypeptide chain from DNA to mRNA to Proteins.
Give three rules of the Genetic Code: It is formed from a triplet Code (Codons), It is non-overlapping and it is Degenerate (contains redundencies).
Triplet Nature: This refers to each Amino Acid being coded for by a sequence of three base pairs, a Codon. DNA is transcribe from the Anti-Sense Strand to produce mRNA, this mRNA is then read, three bases at a time, to produce a polypeptide chain, each codon coding.
Non-Overlapping: The sequence of mRNA bases are read one codon at a time: Three bases then the next three bases, no base from a previous codon will appear in the next codon: AUGCAU has only two codons (AUG and CAU) not 4 (AUG UGC GCA CAU).
Degenerate Nature: This means that the Genetic code contains more information than is actually required, it has redundenies. So each Codon will only code for one specific Amino Acid, but each Amino acid can be coded for by a few different codons (Apart from two Amino Acids)
What is the benefit of the Degenerative Nature of the Genetic code? Containing redundancies means that the Genetic code has some protection from mutation, if one base is altered it is still possible for that codon to produce the same amino acid. This reduces Lethality of mutation.
Why is it important that the Genetic Code is non overlapping: This is useful because it prevents some Amino Acids being coded for more often, if it overlapped, each amino acid would be be being coded for by two bases of the pervious one.
Name the two strands of DNA and which one is used as the template for RNA: Sense (non-template) and Anti-Sense strand. The antisense strand is used as the template for the RNA (so RNA is complementary to the Antisense strand).
Which direction is the DNA Antisense Strand read~? 3' to 5' so that the mRNA reads from 5' to 3'
How is mRNA altered post-transcription: Splicing by Spliceosomes and Alternate splicing. Meaning Introns and Exons are seperated, Introns removed and Exon respliced to give mRNA, Exons are not always respliced in the same order.
How can one Gene code for different proteins? Through a process called Alternate Splicing, mRNA exons can be rearranged during slicing.
A three base sequence: Is called a TRIPLET on DNA and a CODON on mRNA/
Exons: The coding part of RNA, codes for Amino acid sequences and is what is translated in Translation.
Introns: The noncoding part of RNA. Usually removed during Splicing (post Transcriptional modification).
Translation is: The process of translating a sequence of mRNA codons into a sequence of Amino Acids.
Describe the structure of tRNA: Has an anti-codon complimentary to the codon on mRNA, making it specific to each Amino acid. They have a binding site for an Amino Acid.
How are amino acids bonded together? In a Condensation reaction forming Peptide Bonds, facilitated by Ribosomes and enzymes.
Are each amino acid specific to a tRNA anti codon? Yes, the shape of tRNA molecules makes it only possible for one amino acid to bind to it. ATP is used to bind tRNA and an Amino Acid before it is transported to a Ribosome.
What is are Ribosome made of? A large and Small subunit, both consisting of rRNA and Proteins.
Name the Enzyme used to unzip DNA and form mRNA and state how it works: RNA Polymerase, unzips the DNA double helix by breaking Hydrogen Bonds, then allows temporary Hydrogen bonds to form between complimentary Bases on RNA (U,C,G,A), it then catalyses a reaction between the
Created by: mjwilson1988
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