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ECOLOGY TEST ONE
Ecology Test One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Ecology? | Relationship between an organism and its environment |
| What is the definition of scale? | The measure of an object or process |
| What are 2 kinds of scale? | 1) Spatial 2) Temporal |
| What is the importance of scale? | The same phenomenon can affect organisms differently; For the design of studies |
| What is the hierarchy of ecology (from smallest to biggest)? | 1)Individuals 2)Population 3)Community 4)Ecosystem |
| What is the ultimate source of all genetic variation? | Point mutations |
| Rearrangements of existing variation into new combinations include: | Chromosomal mutations, polyploidy, synapsis and crossing over |
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? | Mathematical proof that two alleles can be maintained in a population if certain assumptions are met. |
| Most important assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? | 1)Infinite population size 2)No gene flow 3)No genetic drift 4)No natural selection 5)No mutations 6)Random mating |
| What is the practical importance of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? | Provides a basis of comparison |
| How can an allele be restored to a population? | 1)Gene flow 2)Mutation |
| What are two ways genetic variation can be reduced? | 1)Inbreeding 2)Genetic drift |
| What is an inbreeding depression? | The decline in the vitality of individuals within an inbred population. |
| What are two phenomena that can reduce effective population size? | 1)Neighborhoods 2)Genetic bottlenecks |
| Elements of Natural Selection | 1)Many more offspring are produced each generation than survive to form the next generation. 2)Trait variation 3)Inheritance 4)Fitness differences 5)Evolution |
| What is the definition of Natural Selection? | Differential survival and reproduction of genotypes. |
| What is Fitness? | The relative contribution of a genotype to future generations |
| What is the unit on which natural selection most frequently operates? | The individual |
| What are the goals of natural selection? | There are no goals |
| What is an adaptation? | Genetically determined trait that provides an organism with a better fit to its environment. |
| What is the biological species concept? | Group of individuals capable of interbreeding, reproductively isolated from other such groups |
| What is the phyletic group species concept? | Group of individuals sharing similar characteristics diagnosably distinct from other such groups demonstrating descent from a common ancestor |
| What are two modes of speciation? | 1)Allopatric 2)Synpatric |
| What is allopatric speciation? | Origin of a new species in the presence of a geographical barrier. |
| What are the prezygotic isolating mechanisms? | 1)Mechanical 2)Reproductive timing 3)Habitat differences 4)Behavioral differences 5)Genetic incompatibilities |
| What are the post-zygotic isolating mechanisms? | 1)Hybrid Infertility 2)Hybrid Inviability |
| What is synpatric speciation? | The origin of a new species from within a single population in the absence of a geographical barrier. |
| What are the modes of synpatric speciation? | 1)Mutation coding for a new host or food plant 2)Polyploidy 3)Strong assortative mating |
| Rates of speciation: | Really slow: coelocanth Slow: Sycamore 25,000 to 500,000 years Fast: Drosphila in Hawaiian Islands 10,000 years Really Fast: Apple maggot fly 50 years |
| What is extinction? | The loss of a lineage |
| Traits that render an organism more prone to extinction if there's a rapid environmental change: | 1)Rarity 2)Dispersal Ability 3)Degree of specialization 4)Population variability 5)Trophic status 6)Life span 7)Reproductive output |
| Anthropogenic extinctions: | 1)Habitat destruction 2)Over-harvesting 3)Pollution 4)Exotic species |
| What is an exotic species? | Introducing a species by human agency, either intentional or unintentional, to a part of the world in which they are not native. |
| Examples of anthropogenic extinctions: | Passenger pigeons, dodo, tasmanian tiger, yangtze river dolphin, labrador duck |
| Examples of exotic species: | burmese pythons, kudzu, japanese lady bugs, gypsy moths, africanized bees |
| Why are island organisms particularly vulnerable to the actions of exotic species? | They have evolved in the absence of many selection pressures that mainland organisms routinely face: predators, competitors, parasites, etc. |
| Island organisms that have been driven to extinction by exotic species: | Native rats in Galapagos, wake-island rail, bar-winged rail |
| 3 main waves of extinctions on the Hawaiian islands: | 1)Early Polynesian colonists 2)European colonists 3)Combination of exotic species |
| Territoriality: | Spreads individuals out, controls population size, prevents resource depletion |
| Changes in reproductive output according to population density: | prevents too many individuals from being produced, controls population size, prevents resource depletion. |
| Criticisms of the group selection: | 1)Can be explained more easily by individual selection 2)Both group selection and individual selection predict population control 3)Individuals arise and die more quickly than groups. Any effects of group selection would be swamped by individual selecti |
| Necessary conditions for altruism of unrelated individuals: | 1)Live in a group 2)Long history of association 3)Be capable of individual recognition 4)Be able to keep track of who reciprocates and who does not. |
| Disadvantages of living in a group: | 1)More competition 2)More obvious to predators 3)Greater transmission of infectious agents |
| Advantages of living in a group (prey): | 1)Protection 2)Dilution effect 3)Easier access to mates 4)Increased vigilance |
| Advantages of living in a group (predators): | 1)Cooperative hunting 2)Access to mates |
| Additional criticisms of group selection: | 1)In a population where individuals limit their resources, mutant individuals that readily use resources for themselves and their offspring have an advantage. 2)Selfish individuals immigrate |
Created by:
jazzygrl
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