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Microbiology 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hypersensitivity is any | immune response against a foreign antigen exaggerated beyond the norm |
| there are...types of hypersensitivity | four (1-4) |
| type I is | immediate |
| type Ii is | cytotoxic |
| type iii is | immune complex - mediated |
| type iv | delayed or cell mediated (Cd8) |
| type one...hypersensitivity is either a...that results from the... | immediate...localized or systemic reaction...release of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen |
| the antigen in type one hypersensitivity binds to...which is... | ige on mast cell...preformed to the specific antigen |
| type I develops within... | seconds or minutes following exposure to an antigen |
| type i is commonly called...and the antigens that stimulate it are called... | allery...allergen |
| type i consists of...that are... | two phases...sensitization and degranulation |
| sensitization happens at | early exposure to allergen |
| during sentiziation, the individual is..for... | sensitized...subesequent allergic response (IgE) |
| step one of sensitization: | antigen presenting cell phagocytizes and processes antigen in lymph node |
| step two of ensitization | apc presents epitope to th2 cell |
| step three of sensitization | il4 from th2 cell stimulating b cell |
| step four sensitization | b cell becomes plasma cell that secretes ige |
| step five of sensitization | ige stem binds to mast cell, basophil and eosinophil |
| mast cells have...whose heavy chain is...and that is the... | fc epsilon receptors..ige...specific receptor for allerge |
| degranulation happens when | subsequent exposure to allergen causes sensitized effectyor cells to release granules |
| effector cells are mainly | mast cells |
| degranulation induces | inflammatory response |
| roles of degranulating cells in an allergic reaction: degran occurs...and these cells are | after cells are sensitized...mast cells, basophils and eosinophils |
| degranulation releases | histamine, kinins, proteases, leukotrienes, prostaglandins |
| two types of degran responses are | localized or specialized |
| clinical signs of localized allergic reactions are usually | milder and localized |
| localized alleric reactions type i: site of reaction depends on | portal of entry |
| signs of localized allergic reactions: small | inhaled allergens may reach lungs and cause asthma |
| local reactions: some foods contian allergens that may cause | diarrhea and other GI signs and symptoms |
| local reactions: ...may produce... | local dermatitis...hives or urticaria |
| local reactions:some common allergens are | mold spores, pollen and dust mites |
| clincal signs of systemic allergic reactions are...and many.. | more serious...mast cells that may degranulate at once, releasing large amounts of histamine, and inflammatory mediators |
| clincal signs of systemic allergic reactions: ..can result | acute anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock |
| clinical signs of systemic allergic reactions to type i are those of..and must be treated | suffocation...promptly with epi |
| diagnosis of type i hypersensitivity involves the detection of... | high levels of ige against specific allergen |
| diagnosis of type i can happen with...where... | skin tests...specific allergens are administered sub-cutaneously and reaction is monitored |
| prevention of type one hypersensitivity involves | identificationa nd avoidance of allergens |
| food allergens are identified using an | elimination diet |
| ...can help prevent allergic type i reactions | immunotherapy (allergy shots) |
| immunotherapy makes you make...and is a... | igg instead of ige to prevent allergy...better, secondary response (more b cells) |
| immunotherapy involves the administration of a | series of injections of dilute allergen |
| immunotherapy must be | repeated every two to three years |
| treatment for type i includes | administering drugs that counteract inflammatory mediators |
| treatment for localized type i include...and treating.. | antihistamines to neutralize histamine...asthma with a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator |
| treatment for systemic type i include using..that.. | epi..neutralizes many mechanisms of anaphylaxis |
| epi does what two things | relaxes smooth muscle and reduces vascular permeability |
| epi is used in...of... | emergency treatment...severe asthma and anaphylactic shock |
| type ii or..hypersensitivity results when... | cytotoxic...cels are destroyed by an immune response |
| type ii hypersensitivity destroys cells by an immune response such as | combined activities of complement and antibodies |
| type two is a component of | many autoimmune diseases |
| two significant examples of type II are the...following an..and also the... | destruction of blood cells...incompatible blood transfusion..destruction of fetal blood cells in hemolytic disease of the new born |
| the abo blood groupsystem and transfusion reactions: blood group antigens are | surface molecules of rbcs |
| each person's...have... | rbcs...a,b,both,none of the antigens |
| transfusion reaction can result if | an invidivudal receives different blood type |
| donor's blood group antigens may | stimulate the production of antibodies in the recipient that destroy the transfused cels |
| abo antigesn are | carbohydrates found on the surface of rbcs |
| each individual is...to all.. | exposed..these carbohydrate antigens (probably through commensals on gut) |
| antibodies against | all antigens not found on RBCs will be made |
| if recip has...then... | preexisting antibodies to foreign blood group antigens...there will be immediate destruction of donated blood cells |
| if recip has no...then... | preexisting antibodies to foregin blood group antigens...transfused cells initially circulate and function normally or the eventually the recips immune system mounts a primary response against the foreign antigens and destroys them |
| rh antigen is also the | d antigen |
| rh antigen is common to | rbcs of humans and rhesus monkeys |
| about...of humans are... | 85%...rh + |
| if rh- woman is carrying rh+ baby, the baby may be | at risk for hemolytic disease |
| mother and baby's blood can be | tested for the presence of anti-RH antibodies by coomb's test |
| to prevent hemolytic diesease of the newborn, you... | administer anti-RH immunoglobulin, called rhogam |
| during 1st delivery...through..and after this the mother.. | rh antigens enter mother's circulation..breaks in the placenta...makes anti-rh antibodies |
| during 2nd delivery , the mother has..and the... | anti-rh antibodies...anti0rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the fetal blood cells |
| direct coomb's test tests for..and can be used to determine.... | maternal rh antigen...erythroblastosis fetalis in fetal blood samples |
| indirect coombs test is testing the | mother's serum for antibodies |
| indirect coombs test is commonly used to determine if a | mother has mounted a response to rh antigen |
| direct coombs test starts with taking a....and the antibodies are... | blood sample from patient with immune mediated hemolytic aneamia...shown attached to antigens on the rbc surface |
| direct: the patient's...are... | washed rbcs...incubated with antihuman antibodies |
| the coombs reagent is the | antihuman antibodies |
| direct: a positive result is when | rbcs agglutinate, antihuman antibodies form links between rbcs by binding to the human antibodies on the rbcs |
| indirect: a mother's...is obtained, containing... | serum...antibodies |
| indirect:..are added to the test tube | rh+ blood cells |
| indirect: mothers...form... | ig that targets rbcs...antibody0antigen complexes |
| indirect: ...which is the..is added to the tes tube | antihuman ig's...coombs reagent... |
| indirect: a pos result is when | agglutination occurs w/ rbcs bec human igs are attached |
| type ii or..hypersensitivity is caused by.. | immune-complex-mediated...formation of immune xomplexes in blood stream |
| localized type III reactions include...which is the... | glomerulonephritis...precipitation of immune complexes in/of the kidney glomerula |
| systemic type III reactions include | systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis |
| type III hypersensitivity: step 1, antigens combine with..to form... | antibodies..antigen-antibody complexes |
| type III hypersensitivity: step 2, ...remove most of the...but some... | phagocytes...complexes...lodge in the walls of blood vessels |
| type III hypersensitivity: step 3, there the... | complexes activate complement |
| type III hypersensitivity: step 4, ...attractand activate... | antigen0antibody complexes and activated complement ...neutrophils which release inflammatory chemicals |
| type III hypersensitivity: step 5, ..damage... | inflammatory chemicals...underlying blood vessel wall |
| type III causes glomerulonephritis is when...are... | immune complexes circulating in the bloodstream...deposited on the walls of glomeruli |
| glomerulonephritis causes | damage to the glomuerular cells which impedes blood filtration |
| glomerulonephritis leads to | kidney failure and ultimately death |
| type III also leads to...which is a...mainly characterized by.. | rheumatoid arthritis...chronic disease...inflammation of the lining, or synovium, of the joints |
| rheumatoid arthritis can lead to...resulting in... | long-term joint damate...chronic pain, loss of function and disability |
| rheumatoid arthritis involves...which results in.. | immune complexes depositing in the joints...release of inflammatory chemicals |
| iin rheumatoid arthritis, the joints begin to | break down and become distorted |
| the trigger for rheumatoid arthritis is | not well known |
| rheumatoid arhtirisi is treated with..like | anti-inflammatory drugs...cortical steroids and nsaids |
| type III can also cause...which is a... | systemic lupus erythematosus..humoral response against autoantigens |
| autoantibodies against dna result in | immune complex formation |
| in systemic lupus erythematosus can also involve many other...that are against... | autoantibodies...rbcs, platelets, lymphocytes, mmuscle cells |
| trigger for lupus is | unknown |
| treatment for lupus happens with...and that reduces.... | immunosuppressive drugs (targeting b cells)...autoantibody formation |
| treatment for lupus via | corticosteroids that reduce inflammation |
| type iv or..hypersensitivity involves | delayed or cell mediated...inflammation starting 12-24 hours after contact with certain antigens |
| type iv is | t cell mediated |
| type iv results from the | actions of antigen, antigen presenting cells and t cells |
| type iv's delay reflects the time it takes for | macrophages and t cells to migrate to and proliferate at the site of the antigen |
| type iv does not involve...but it does involve... | ige or antibodies...cytotoxic t cells |
| type iv involves the...which tests for.. | tuberculin response ..tb on the skin |
| in the tb skin test, skin exposed to...reacts to an... | to tb or tb vaccine..injection of tuberculin beneath the skin |
| tb skin test uses | memory t cell response |
| tb skin test is used to diagnose | contact with antigens of m tuberculosis |
| there is no response to tb skin test when | individual has not been infected or vaccinated |
| what develops in individuals previously infected or immunized to tb | red hard swelling |
| type iv can lead to...which is a... | allergic contact dermatitis...cell-mediated immune response resulting in an intensely irritating skin rash |
| allergic contact dermatitis is triggered by..which are.. | haptens..chemicals that can cross the skin and react with skin proteins which the body then regard as foreign |
| the skin proteins that react with haptens get...so they are... | a change in conformation...detected as foreign |
| once the proteins are detected as foreign the body will | mount inflammatory and ctl responses |
| in severe cases of allergic contact dermatitis, ... developes | acellular, fluid-filled blisters |
| haptnes include the | oild of poison ivy, formaldehyde and some consmetics and chemicals used to produce latex |
| the inflammation assocated with allergic contact dermatitiscan be reduced with | corticosteroids |
| the best measure for avoiding allergic contact derma is | identifying and avoiding haptens |
| type iv encompasses...which is the... | graft rejections...rejection of tissue or organs that have be transplanted |
| grafts can be perceived as...and will undergo | foreign by a recipient...rejection |
| normal immune response against...present on... | foreign mhc proteins...graft cells |
| likelihood of rejection depends on the | degree to which the graft is foreign to the recip |
| likeness of donor and recip is based on...and one reason for rejection is... | the type of graft...miss-matching tissue antigens |
| four types of tissue grafts | autograft, isograft, allograft, xenograft |
| autograft is | from yourself to yourself |
| isograft is | between genetically idential individuals |
| allografti s between | genetically diff member of same specie |
| xenograft is | to an entirely diff specie |
| graft vs host disease happens with | bone marrow transplant patients |
| in graft vs host disesae the donated bone marrow cells regard...as... | patients cells as foreign |
| in graft vs host disease, if the donor and recip...then the ...and results in.. | mhc class 1 molecules...t cells derived from grafted bone marrow attack the recips tissues...rejection |
| if the donor and recip differ in...then it is...and the... | mhc class II molecules...less severe...grafted t cells attack the hosts antigen presenting cells |
| how do you prevent graft vs host disease | immunosupressive drugs |
| type iv can also involve donor recip matching and tissie typing which involves the...and is.. | mhc compatibility between the donor and recip ...difficult due to a high degree of variability |
| the more closely the donor and recip are related | the smaller the diff in their mhc |
| is it preferable that grafts are | donated by a parent or sibling |
| what is used to match donor and recip | tissue typing |
| immunosuppressive drugsare important to | success of modern transplantation |
| important calsses of immunosuppressive drugs include | glucocorticoids, cytotoxic drugs, cyclosporine, lymphocyte-depleting therapies |
| glucocorticoids are | anti-inflammatory steroids |
| cytotoxic drugs treat | chemotherapy and prevent t cell activation |
| lymphocyte depleting therapies are used to prevent | autoimmune disease |
| autoimmune diseases occur more often in the...and are more common in... | elderly...women than men |
| autoimmune disease results when an...against... | individual begins to make auto antibodies or cytotoxic t cells..normal body components |
| autoimmune diseases can either be | systemic or single-organ |
| systemic autoimmune diseases example | systemic lupus erythrematosus |
| single-organ autoimmune diseases either affect | blood cells or endocrine organs |
| autoimmunity affecting blood cells example | autoimmune hemolytic anemia (rh factor) |
| autoimmunity affecting endocrine organs is either | type 1 diabetes mellitus or graves' disease |
| type 1 diabetes mellitus is the autoimmune destruction of | insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas |
| graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the...is...producing an... | thyroid...overactive...excessive amount of thyroid hormones |
| single organ autoimmune diseases can also affect the...like... | nervous tissue...multiple sclerosis |
| single organ autoimmune diseases can also affect the...and the...like with.. | cartilage and ct...rheumatoid arthritis |
| conditions resulting from...have two general types that are... | defective immune mechanisms...primary immunodeficiency diseases and acquired immunodeficiency diseases |
| primary immunodeficiency diseases result from some...and develop in... | genetic or developmental defect...infants and young children |
| primary immunodeficiency diseases include | severe combined immunodeficiency disease (bubble boy) |
| acquired immunodeficiency diseases develop as a...and... | direct consequence of some other recognized cause...develope later in life |
| example of acquired immunodeficiency diesaes | acquired immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS), opportunistic infections, low cd4 cells, presence of hiv |
Created by:
handrzej
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