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World Geography-Tym
Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cartography | The making of maps |
| Fjord | A long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created in a valley carved by glacial activity. |
| Relative Location | The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect relative location |
| Loess | Deposit of very fine silt or dust that is laid down after having been windborne for a considerable distance. Notable for its fertility under irrigation and its ability to stand in steep vertical walls |
| Plate Tectonics | Plates are bonded portions of the Earth's mantle and crust. More than a dozen such plates exist, most of continental proportions, and they are in motion. |
| Subduction | One plate slides under another, crumpling the surface crust and producing significant volcanic and earthquake activity; mountain building |
| Sovereignty | Centralized government that has supreme independent authority over a geographic area |
| Nation-State | A state that self identifies as deriving its political legitimacy |
| Globalization | The gradual reduction of regional differences at the world scale, resulting from increasing international cultural, economic, and political exchanges |
| Complementarity | Exists when two regions, through an exchange of raw materials and finished products can specifically satisfy each other's demands |
| Local Functional Specialization | A hallmark of Europe's economic georaphy that later spread to many other parts of the world, whereby particular people in particular places concentrate on the production of particular goods and service |
| Central Business District | The downtown heart of a central city; marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings |
| Infrastructure | The foundation of a society: urban centers, transport networks, communications, energy distribution systems, farms, factories, mines, and such facilities as schools, hospitals, postal services, and police and armed forces |
| Mercantilism | Protectionist policy of European states during the 16th to the 18th centuries that promoted a state's economic position in the contest with rival powers. Acquiring gold and silver and maintaining a favorable trade balance (more exports) were central |
| Lingua Franca | A "common language" prevalent in a given area; a second language that can be spoken and understood by many people, although they speak other languages at home |
| Transferability | The capacity to move a good from one place to another at a bearable cost; the ease with which a commodity may be transported |
| Centripetal Force | Forces that unite and bind a country together- such as a strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith |
| Centrifugal Force | A term employed to designate forces that tend to divide a country- such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences |
| Supranational | A venture involving three or more states- political, economic, and cultural cooperation to promote shared objective. Ex. The European Union |
| Four Motors of Europe | Rhone-Alpes(France), Baden-Wurttenberg(Germany), Catalonia(Spain), and Lombardy(Italy). Each is a high-tech driven region marked by exceptional industrial vitality and economic success not only within Europe but on the global scene as well |
| Shatterbelt | Region caught between stronger, colliding external cultural political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. Ex. Eastern Europe and mainland Southeast Asia |
| Devolution | The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government |
| Balkanization | The fragmentation of a region into smaller, often hostile political units. Named after the historically contentious Balkan Peninsula of southeastern Europe |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | |
| European Union | Supranational organization constituted by 27 European countries to further their common economic interests |
| Euro | |
| Pleistocene | Recent period of geologic time that spans the rise of humankind, beginning about 2 mil yrs ago. Marked by glaciations and more moderate interglacials. Although the last 10,000 yrs are known as the Holocene Epoch, Pleistocene may return |
| Core-periphery Relationships | The contrasting spatial characteristics of, and linkages between, the have(core) and have note(periphery) components of a national or regional system |
| BRIC | Acronym for the four biggest emerging national markets in the world today- Brazil, Russia, India, and China |
| Polders | Land reclaimed from the sea adjacent to the shore of the Netherlands by constructing dikes and then pumping out the water trapped behind them |
| Exclave | A bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is part of a particular state but lies separated from it by the territory of another state. Alaska is an exclave of the US |
| Enclave | A piece of territory that is surrounded by another political unit which it is not a part |
| NATO | Established in 1950 in Cold War as a US supranational defense pact to shield postwar Europe against Soviet military. NATO is in transition expanding its membership while modifying its objectives in the post- Soviet era. |
| Irredentism | A policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a state aimed at community of its nationals living in a neighboring state |
| Imperialism | The drive toward the creation and expansion of a colonial empire and, once established, its perpetuation |
| Roma | |
| Mezzagiorno | |
| Ancona Line | |
| Conurbation | General term used to identify a large multi-metropolitan complex formed by the coalescence of two or more major urban areas. The Atlantic Seaboard Megalopolis, extending along the NE US coast from southern Maine to Virginia is a classic example |
| Randstad | |
| Tundra | The treeless plain that lies along the Arctic shore in northernmost Russia and Canada, whose vegetation consists of mosses, lichens, and certain hardy grasses |
| Taiga | The subarctic, mostly coniferous snow forest that blankets northern Russia and Canada south of the tundra that lines the Arctic shore. Known as the boreal forest in North America |
| Steppe | Semiarid grassland; short-grass prairie. Also the name given to the semiarid climate type |
| Russification | Demographic resettlement policies pursued by the central planners of the Soviet Empire, whereby ethnic Russians were encourage to emigrate from the Russian Republic to the 14 non-Russian republics of the USSR |
| Sovkhoz | |
| Command Economy | The tightly controlled economic system of the former Soviet Union, whereby central planners in Moscow assigned the production of particular goods to particular places, often guided more by socialist ideology than the principles of economic geography |
| Continentality | The variation of the continental effect on air temperatures in the interior portions of the world's landmasses. The greater the distance from the moderating influence of an ocean, the greater the extreme in summer and winter temps. |
| Distance Decay | The various degenerative effects of distance on human spatial structures and interactions |
| Chechnya | |
| Gentrification | The upgrading of an older residential area through private reinvestment, usually in the downtown area of a central city. Frequently, this involves the displacement of established lower income residents who can't afford the heightened costs of living |
| Primary Sector | |
| Tertiary Sector | |
| Maquiladoras | Modern industrial plants in Mexico's US border zone. These foreign owned factories assemble imported components/ raw materials and then export finished manufacturers. Import duties are disappearing under NAFTA bringing jobs to Mexico and the advantages... |
| Ejidos | Mexican farmlands redistributed to peasant communities after the Revolution of 1910-1917. The government holds title to the land, but user rights are parceled out to village communities and then to individuals for cultivation |
| Isthmus | A land bridge; a comparatively narrow link between larger bodies of land. Central America forms such a link between Mexico and South America |
| Archipelago | A set of islands grouped closely together, usually elongated into a chain |
| First Nations | Name given Canada's indigenous peoples of American descent whose US counterparts are called Native Americans |
| Tar Sands | The main source of oil from non liquid petroleum reserves. The oil is mixed with sand and requires massive open pit mining. |
| Plaza | |
| Acculturation | Cultural modification resulting from intercultural borrowing. In cultural geography, the term refers to the change that occurs in the culture of indigenous peoples when contact is made with a society that is tech superior |
| Transculturation | Cultural borrowing and two way exchanges that occur when different cultures of approximately equal complexity and technological level come into close contact |
| Plantation | A large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives |
| Hacienda | Literally, a large estate in a Spanish speaking country. Sometimes equated with the plantation but there are important differences between these two types of agricultural enterprises |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement: The free trade area launched in 1994 involving the US, Canada, and Mexico |
| CAFTA | |
| The Central American Republics | |
| Greater Antilles | |
| Cultural Pluralism | A society in which two or more population groups, each practicing its own culture, live adjacent to one another without mixing inside a single state |
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jacobbehel
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