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BSC111 CH31
BSC 111H Kreiser
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| heterotrophs (fungi) | secreted enzymes digest complex compounds outside body; simple organic compounds then absorbed. |
| absorption form of nutrition important to role of fungus as... | decomposers (saprobe),mutualists, and pathogens |
| Yeasts | single cell fungi |
| hyphae | filaments form a dense mat, penetrating surrounding area |
| filaments | tubes of cytoplasm |
| mycelium | mat of filiments can be large (Armillaria =3.4 miles in Oregon) that are useful for absorptive nutrition - cover larger surface area than plant roots |
| septate | hyphae divided into cells |
| coenocytic | not divided; have cell wall made of chitin |
| haustoria | hyphae for penetrating (in parasites adn asom mycorrhizae); intimate connection between hyphae and plant root |
| fungal growth | mycelium- grow quickly; extensive hyphae - lengthen, don't widen; can't move to food so grow towards it |
| mutualism (plant roots +fungi) | fungi help with uptake of minerals; almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae |
| Sexual Reproduction (Haploid, Heterokaryotic, Diploid, Haploid) | Plasmogam (fusion of cytoplasm Heterkaryotic/Dikaryon Stage Karyogamy(fusion of nuclei from Dikaryon stage; creates zygote Meiosis creates spores Germination creation of mycelium |
| Asexual Reproduction (Haploid) | Mycelium produce spore producing structures spores created germination |
| Meiosis creates new diploid spores | |
| plasmogamy | fusion of two hyphae from different individals |
| Sexual reproduction intiated by.. | genetically disticnt mycelia (signaling via pheremones |
| heterokaryon | hyphae now w/ 2 unique nuclei |
| dikaryon | hybrid hyphae that keeps growing (each cell w/ 2 distinct nuclei) |
| karyogomy | fusion of 2 nuclei - prior to meiosis, produces haploid spores |
| Asexual Reproduction - Molds | filamentious fungi that produce haploid spores via mitosis |
| Asexual Reproduction - Yeasts | single cells that reproduce by asexual cell division |
| Deuteromycetes/imperfect fungi | no known sexual stage |
| Opisthokont evolution | unicellular flagellated ancestor divides into 2 branches. another ancestor, two branches - Nucleariids and Fungi Fungi ancestor - two branches = Chytrids and Other Fungi |
| nucleariids | single cell protists; appear to be closely related to fungi |
| choanoflaellates | protist group that animals are more closely related to |
| Opisthokont Evolutionary ties suggest | independent evolution of multicellularity in fungi and animals |
| Fungi transition to land started with... | an adaptive radiation as plants and animals colonized land; vascular plant fossils show mycorrhizae |
| Fungal Lineages | debated |
| Phylum Chytridomycota (chytrids) | mainly aquaticl decomposers and parasites (frog killers); absorptive nutrition; chitin; biochemistry close to fungi; flagellated spore stage; basal group |
| Phylum Zygomycota | zygomycetes |
| zygosporangium | after plasogamy; highly resistant structure formed during periods of environmental stress - activation by favorable conditions leasds to sporangium that releases haploid spores produced by meiosis |
| Example of zygosporangium | Rhizopus stolonifer and Pilobolus - aims asn shoots spores towards light |
| Zygomycete Sexual reproduction | Haploid - different mycelia connect w/ hyphal extensions (gametangia);plasmogomy Heterokaryotic (n+n) - A zygosporangium forms in the middle of the two parents Diploid - Karyogamy produces a Diploid nucleus inside zygosporangium |
| plasmogomy | fusion of hyphae |
| karyogamy | fusion of nuclei |
| Zygomycete Asexual Reproduction | Haploid - sporangium diversify, half continue sexual cycle and half attach to mycelium separately then reproduce asexually. |
| arbuscular mycorrhizae | tips of the hyphae that push into plant root cells; 90% of plants have these symbiotic fungi |
| Phylum Ascomycota | ascomycetes or sac fungi |
| ascocarps | fruiting bodies; these house asci |
| asci | sacs that hold sexually produced spores |
| Ascomycota Sexual Reproduction | plasmogamy creates dikaryotic hyphae karyogomy occurs in each asci - produces a dip nucleus Meiosis - nuclei divide into 4 hap nulei Asci (Seeds) are in Ascocarp where they disperse then germinate |
| Ascomycota Asexual Reproduction | Mycelia can reproduce by producing pigmented haploid spores half of spores continue the asexual process then half of the mating condia go into sexual reproduction |
| Phylum Basidomycota | basidomycetes - club fungi wood decomposers - classic mushroom shapeq |
| basidocarps | fruiting bodies |
| Basidiomycete Sexual Reproduction | long- lived dikaryotic mycelium; periodically produces fruiting dip bodies |
| decomposers are.. | critical in breaking down cellulose and lignin or any carbon substrate |
| without fungi and bacteria decomposers | nutrients would be locked up in dead organic matter |
| symbionts | symbiotic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals |
| symbiosis with plants | mycorrhizae - critical in natural ecosystems and agriculture endophytes - fungi inside leaves and other plant parts (assist plant by deterring herbiovers' increasing tolerance to adverse environmental conditions) |
| symbiosis with animals | inside guts of cows ants and termites farm fungi- feed the fungi leaves then eat it |
| symbiosis with bacteria | lichens - symbiotic associations of photosynthetic microorganisms in a mass fungal hyphae mycelium mat pathogens and parasites-on the plants (30% of all species) Zombie ants |
| symbiosis with humans | least prone to fungal infections (athletes foot) yeast infections ring worms ergot - hallucinogenic (salem witch trials) |
| ring worm | mycelium are branching out in a circular pattern |
| commercial importance | food (truffles and basidocarps) yeasts (bread, beer, wine) antibiotics (Penicillium Molecular research ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism for eukaryotic genes) |
Created by:
Chouette
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