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Genetics- Biology 3
Fundamentals of Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who studied inheritance and heredily patterns in pea plants in 1850s? | Gregor Mendel |
| What did Mendel Study in the 1850s? | inheritance and heredity patterns in pea plants |
| What does heredity mean? | transmissionof traits from parents to offspring |
| What are traits? | inherited characterisitcs |
| What are Gametes? | reproductive cells that carry genetic information. |
| What are reproductive cells that carry genetic information called? | gametes |
| What is the female gamete called? | egg |
| What is the male gamete called? | sperm (or pollen) |
| Transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ is called... | pollination |
| What is pollination? | transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ |
| What is self-pollination? | reproduce with a single plant |
| What is cross-pollination | when pollen from one plant is transferred to stigma of another plant |
| What does pure line mean? | a plant or animal produces the same traits as the parents |
| If there is a pure line, tall plants make ...... | tall plants |
| If there is a pure line, short plants make..... | short plants |
| Crossing 2 pure lines makes a.... | hybrid |
| Traits can be studied through different.... | generations |
| Patterns of inheritance oare goverened by how many priniples? | 3 |
| The principles governing patterns of inheritance are... | dominance & recessive; segregation; indepedent assortment |
| What is the principle of dominance & recessivenes? | dominate factors are always expressed, recessive factors are hidden |
| Dominate factors are | expressed |
| Recessive factors are | hidden |
| In the principle of segregation | each trait is controlled by 2 different factors; the 2 factors are on seperate gametes |
| When a trait is controlled by 2 factors on seperate gametes this is a example of | principle of segregation |
| The principle of independent assortment is | inheritance of genes for one trait does not affect genes of another |
| Genes are | units of heredity that get passed on |
| Genes reflect or determine... | characteriistics |
| Alleles are | differernt form of the same trait |
| The dominate allele is represented by | capital letter |
| the recessive allele is represented by | lower case letter |
| The alleles for eye color are | blue, brown, green |
| The Genotype is defined by | the two alleles (leters) that comprise a trait |
| Homozygous means | 2 of the same allele (BB or bb) |
| Heterozygous means | two different alleles (Bb) |
| What is a phenotype | What you see expressed by the alleles (the visual characteristic) |
| In solving genetic problems probability is | the chance that a single, given event with occur |
| Probablity may be expressed as .. | number of successful outcomes/ total number of possibilities |
| The probablity of an event can be written as | percents, ratios, or decimals |
| What is a Punnett Square | a chart that shows all possible genotypes when you cross 2 parents |
| What is a monohybrid cross? | A cross involving one pair of alleles (tt x TT; Tf x Tt) |
| What is a dyhybrid cross? | A cross involving two pairs of alleles (GGTT x ggtt) |
| What is a testcross? | used to determine the genotyp of dominate parent |
| allele | one of a variant forms of a gene, different alleles produce variation in inherited characteristics |
| Autosomal dominate | a pattern of Mendelian inheritance whereby an affected individual possiess one copy of a mutant allele and one normal allele |
| Autosomal dominate characteristic/disease | individuals with an autosomal dominate disease/characterisitc have a 50:50 chance of passing it on to their children EXP 6 fingers |
| Chromosome | one of the thread-like "packages" of genes and other DNA in the nucleus of a cell |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleaic acid) | the chemical inside the nucleus of a cell that carrie genetic instructions for making living organisms |
| Double helix | structural arrangement of DNA which looks something like a long ladder twisted into a helix or coil |
| Genes | pieces of DNA, most genes contain information for making a specific protein |
| Genetic code (ATGC) | instructions in a gene that tell the cell how to make a specific protein |
| ATGC | letters of the genetic code; stand for A= adenine, T=thymine, G=guanine, C= cytosine |
| Each genes code is made up of | 3 chemical of the ATGC, arranged in different orders |
| Genetic marker | a segment of DNA with an identifiable physical location on a chromosome & whose inheritance can be followed |
| Geneotype | the genetic identify of an individual that does not show as outward characterisitcs (TT, Tt, tt) |
| inheritied | transmitted through genes from parent to offspring |
| Mutation | a permanent structural alteration in DNA (may have no effect, cause harm, or occassionally improve the chance of survival) |
| RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) | chemical similar to a single strand of DNA, RNA delivers DNA's genetic message to the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made |
| sex chromosome | one of 2 chromosomes that specify an organisms genetic sex (humans X Y, female XX, male XY) |
| sex linked (disease) | located on the X chromosome, sex linked diseases/characterisitcs generally are only seen in males |
| Genetics | the science of heredity and variation in living organisms |
| Polydactyly | a trait characterized by extra toes and/or fingers |
| Not all traits are expressed 100% of the time even though the allele is present | exp: a parent may carry the genotype Pp (P=dominant allele for extra toes/fingers) but the characteristic does not always show up as an outward characteristic |
| autosomal chromosome | one of the non-X or non-Y chromosomes |
| congenital | condition present at birth |
Created by:
KPatrick
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