Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P
A&P 1st exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sagittal | vertical. left and right |
| transverse | horizontal. superior and interior |
| coronal | vertical. anterior and posterior |
| appendicular region includes | limbs and their girldles |
| Axial region includes | head, neck, trunk |
| Dorsal cavity contains | brain and spinal cord |
| Ventral Cavity contains | thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities |
| Thoracic cavity | surrounded by ribcage. includes lungs, heart etc |
| Abdominal cavity | bounded by abdominal muscles. includes stomach, intestines, etc. |
| pelvic cavity | inside pelvic bones. includes bladder and internal sexual organs. |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | Abdominal + Pelvic Cavities |
| four abdominopelvic regions | right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower |
| six abdominopelvic regions | right hypochondriac, epigastirc, left hypochondriac. right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar. right illiac, hypogastric, left illiac |
| serous membranes | cover organs in trunk cavities and contain serous fluid. reduces friction. |
| endomorph | round, heavy physique. lots of fat in trunk and thighs. |
| mesomorph | muscular physique |
| ectomorph | thin, little body fat |
| fluid mosaic model. | bi-layer phospholipids, that allow some molecules to pass through protein channels |
| cytoplasm | substance inside cells, contains organeeles |
| organelles | inside cells. some are membranous, some are not. |
| nucleus | all cells have one. contains genetic material. DNA. |
| nucleoli | inside nucleus. |
| ribososmes | site of protein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum | folded. extends from nucleus into cytoplasm. rough ER has ribosomes. smooth ER is site of lipid synthesis. |
| golgi apparatus | folded. packages material for secretion from the cell. goes into vesicles. |
| secretory vesicles. | pinch off golgi and move things in and out of cells. |
| lysosomes | contain enzymes for intracellular digestion |
| mitochondria | bean shaped with inner folds. site of ATP synthesis. produces energy. |
| vaults | contains proteins and RNA. transport role. |
| cilia | many project from cells, move substances, mucus etc. |
| flagella | long string from cell. usually one. sperm etc. |
| microvilli | project from cells. increase surface area. |
| diffusion | solute molecules move from higher concentration to lower. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a semi-permiable membrane from higher conc. to lower conc. |
| filtration | through a membrane in response to external pressure. |
| active transport | transport across concentration gradient. requires ATP energy |
| endocytosis/exocytosis | in and out of a cell through a vesicle |
| isotonic | conc. is the same on both sides of the membrane. |
| hypertonic | solution has higher conc. |
| hyprotonic | solution has lower conc. |
| homeostasis | existence and maintenance of constant environment in body, eg temperature. |
| Negative feedback | maintains homeostasis. negates any change in the normal states. |
| positive feedback | leads away from homeostasis. makes change bigger. |
| four tissue types | connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous |
| epithelial | covers body surfaces. little extracellular material. has basement membrane. |
| simple squamous | one layer. flat cells. diffusion. alveoli. |
| simple cuboidal | one layer. square cells. secretion and absorbtion. kidneys. |
| simple columner | one layer. tall and thin. may have microvilli, cilia, goblet cells. |
| pseudostratified | appears to be stratified, but is simple.line trachea etc. |
| stratified squamous | many layers. flat cells. keratinized/unkeratinized. outer layer of skin etc. |
| transitional | many layers. can be stretched. changes from cuboidal to squamous as it's stretched. bladder. |
| glands | structure that secretes substances. |
| exocrine glands | have ducts. may be simple, branched and tubular. |
| endocrine glands | no ducts. directly into the blood. |
| connective tissue (C) | cells and extracellular matrix.joins cells and tissues. protection. support. |
| collagen C | most common protein.flexible, hard, fibrous. |
| dense connective tissue C | ECM made of mostly of collagen fibres..tendons etc. |
| loose connective tissue C | protein fibres separated. fills space between organs. around glands, muscles etc. |
| apidose tissue C | not typical. protects organs. loose connective. |
| Cartilage C | made of chondrocytes. collagen matrix.strong. no blood supply. |
| hyaline cartilage C | most abundant cartilage. covers bone ends in joints. strong, smooth. |
| Fibro cartilage C | more collagen. resists compression and tearing. intervertabral discs in spine. |
| elastic cartilage C | elastic protein fibre. collagen and ground substance. recoils when bent. |
| bone tissue C | hard. has living cells and mineral matrix. osteocytes within the matrix. rigid matrix. |
| blood tissue C | fluid matrix. blood cells move freely. transport. |
| Muscle tissue (M) | contact and shorten.longer than wide.muscle cells=fibre. |
| Skeletal M | several nuclei. striated. voluntary control. long. |
| Cardiac M | heart. involuntary. cylindrical. striated. one nucleus. connected by intercalated discs. |
| smooth M | walls of hollow organs. tapered. one nucleus. non-striated. involuntary. |
| Nervous tissue | brain, spinal cords, nerves. controls body actions. |
| skin | largest and thinest oragn. made of dermis and epidermis. |
| skin functions | protection. flexibility. excretion. temp. regulation. Vit D production. sensation. excretion. |
| epidermis | top layer. stratified squamous. cells produced by mitosis in deep layer.during movement up cells undergo keratinasation, makes them stronger. 5 layers. shed and regenerated. |
| 5 epidermis layers | basale. spinosum. granulosum. lucidum. corneum. |
| dermis | 2 layers. deep connective tissue. fibroblasts, fat cells, macrophages. |
| 2 dermis layers | reticular. papillary. |
| reticular layer | collagen and elastic fibres. strength. produce cleavage lines. |
| papillary layer | projections (papillae) into epidermis. form finger prints. supply epidermis with nutrients. remove waste. regulates body temp. |
| hypodermis | not part on integumentary system. beneath the dermis. |
| Hair shaft | Above epidermis. Contains medulla, cortex, cuticle. |
| Hair | Hair shaft, root, hair bulb, hair follicle. |
| Arrector pili | Muscles. Contract. Make hair stand up. |
| Glands | Sebaceous, holocrine. Connected to hair follicle. Make sebum, lubricates. |
| Merocrine sweat glands | All skin. Lots in palms and soles. H2O and salt. Temp. Reg. |
| Apocrine | Thick secretion. Organic substances. Hair follicles axillae and genitalia. Bacteria = BO |
| Nails | Distal digits. Dead stratum corneum. Nail body, nail root. Cuticle. Nail matrix, lunula |
| Skeletal system | Protection, muscle attachments, mineral storage, blood cells, structure and support |
| Axial skeleton | Head, neck and trunk |
| Appendicular skeleton | Limbs and girdles(pelvis and shoulders) |
| Bone shapes | Long, short, flat, irregular |
| Long bones | Diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), epiphyseal plate (site bone growth), epiphyseal line (mature plate). Medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum. Articular cartilage |
| Medullary cavity | Hollow cavity in shaft. Yellow marrow |
| Periosteum | Thick fibrous vascular membrane. Covers bone |
| Endosteum | Connective tissue membrane lining medullary cavity |
| Articular cartilage | Hyaline cartilage on articulating surfaces of bones. Stops friction |
| Compact bone | Hard, dense. Periphery skeletal structure |
| Cancellous bone | Spongy lattice like, bony plates and trubeculae. End of long bones |
| Osteocytes | Bone cell. Mature, surrounded by matrix. In lacunae |
| Osteoblasts | Bone cell. Forms bone. Germ |
| Osteoclasts | Reabsorbing. Breakdown minerals. Change |
| Lacunae | Hollow within bony tissue. Osteoblasts are here. |
| Lamellae | Thin leaf or plate of bone. Matrix |
| Canaliculi | Small tube/channel |
| Haversian canal | Tiny, longitudinal canal. Blood vessels. |
| Haversian system | Osteon. Circular region of bone tissue. Rings of osteocytes and lamellae around blood vessel |
| Hyaline cartilage | Common, glassy. Covers articulating surfaces. Forms costal cartilage |
| Elastic cartilage | Flexible. External ear |
| Fibrocartilage | Intervertebral discs. Points of attachment (tendons to bones) |
| Skull bones | Mandible, maxilla, frontal, parietal, temporal,, occipital, sphenoid |
| Spine bones | Cervical vert(7), thoracic vert(12), lumbar vert(5), sacrum, coccyx. Hyoid. |
| Ribcage | Ribs(12 pairs), sternum. |
| Pectoral girdle | Scapula, clavicle |
| Arms and hands | Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals(8), metacarpals(5), phalanges(14) |
| Pelvic girdle | Ilium, ischium, pubis |
| Leg and feet | Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals(7), metatarsals(5), phalanges(14), calcaneus |
| Articulation | Point where two bones join. Structure and function |
| Tendon | Tough, fibrous, connective tissue. Connects muscles to bones. |
| Ligament | Tough, fibrous, connective tissue. Connects bone to bone |
| Fibrous joints | Little of no movement. Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses |
| Sutures | Fibrous. Between skull bones. Fontanelles in new borns, harden over time |
| Syndesmoses | Fibrous. Bones seperated and held with ligaments. |
| Gomphoses | Pegs in sockets. Held by ligaments |
| Cartilagenous joints | Two bones connected by cartilage. Slight movement |
| Synovial joints | Freely moving. Contains synovial fluid, in synovial cavity. |
| joint cavity | filled w/ synovial fluid. enclosed by joint capsule, hold bones together. ligaments, joint stability. synovial membrane produces synovial fluid, lubrication. bursae |
| synarthosis | fibrous, immovable joints. |
| amphiarthroses | cartilaginous, slightly movable joints |
| diarthroses | synovial, freely moving joints |
| types of synovial joints | plane/gliding, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball and socket |
| plane/gliding joints | two flat surfaces glide over each other. carpals/tarsals |
| saddle joints | two saddle shapes. movement in two planes. base of thumb. |
| hinge joints | concave and convex. one plane. elbow/knee |
| pivot joints | rotation on axis. between atlas and axis. |
| ball and socket joints | head and socket. wide range of movement. shoulder/hip |
| muscle groups | skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| skeletal muscle | movement, posture, expression, respiration. endomysium surrounds muscle fibre in fascicle. fascicle surrounded by perimysium, then epimysium, then fascia is outer layer. |
| muscle contraction | voluntary or involuntary. controlled by somatic motor nervous system. |
| muscle tone | constant tension produced while maintaining posture |
| muscle attachments | attach to articulating bones. one bone moves. origin/insertion. |
| origin | on the bone that doesn't move |
| insertion | bones that move |
| muscle action | act in groups. agonist/prime mover, antagonists, synergists, fixator |
| agonist/prime mover | group performs specific action |
| antagonists | oppose the agonists |
| synergists | contract at same time as prime movers |
| fixator | joint stabiliser. balance when prime movers contract. |
| smooth muscle | line blood vessels, digestive, reproductive tract. no striations. slow to contract. controlled by autonimic nervous system (involuntary)hormones regulate movement. single unit/multi-unit. |
| actin and myosin | myofilaments in muscle fibre. dark and light colour, gives muscle striated appearance. |
| cardiac muscle | only found in heart. striated. auto rythmic |
| Sternocleidomastoid | O=sternum, clavicle. I=temporal bone. Flexes head and neck |
| Trapezius | O=occipital protuberance, thoracic and cervical vertebrae. I=clavicle, scapula. Extends head and neck |
| Rhomboid | O=t1-t4 vert, c6-c7. I=scapula. Moves scapula. |
| Latissimus dorsi | O=vertebrae, ilium crest, lumbodorsal fascia. I=humerus. Extends and adducts arm. |
| Pectoralis minor | O=ribs 2-5. I=scapula. Pulls down shoulder girdle |
| Pectoralis major | O=clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage of tru ribs. I=humerus. Flexes arm, adducts arm anteriorly. |
| Serratus anterior | O=ribs 8-9. I=scapula. Shoulder down, rotates |
| External intercostal | O=ribs. I=rib below O. Elevates ribs. |
| Internal intercostals | O=ribs. I=rib below O |
| Rectus abdominis | O=pelvis. I=sternum. Trunk. |
| External obliques | O=ribs. I=pelvis, linea alba. Trunk. |
| Internal obliques | O=Pelvis, lumbodorsal fascia. I=ribs, linea alba. Pelvis/trunk |
| Transverse abdominis | O=ribs, pelvis, lumbodorsal fascia. I=pubic bone, linea alba, ribs. Trunk. |
| Deltoid | O=clavicle, scapula. I=humerus. Arm |
| Biceps brachii | O=scapula. I=radius. Supinates the forearm and hand |
| Brachialis | O=humerus. I=ulna. Flexes pronated forearm |
| Triceps brachii | O=scapula, humerus. I=ulna. Extends lower arm |
| Gluteus maximus | O=ilium, sacrum, coccyx. I=femur. Thigh |
| Gluteus medial/minimus | O=ilium. I=femur. Thigh |
| Adducters | Brevis, longus, magnus. O=pubic bone. I=femur. Adducts thigh |
| Quadriceps | rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius |
| rectus femoris | O=ilium. I=tibia. extends the leg. |
| Vastus lateralis/medialis/intermedius | O=femur. I=Tibia. extends the leg. |
| Hamstrings | biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
| biceps femoris | O=ischium, femur. I=fibula, tibia. leg/thigh |
| semitendinosus/semimembranosus | O=ischium. I=tibia. leg/thigh |
| tibialis anterior | O=tibia. I=tarsal, metatarsal. foot. |
| gastrocnemius | O=femur. I=tarsal. foot. |
| epimysium | surrounds entire muscle organ |
| perimysium | surrounds a fascicle(bundle) of muscle fibres |
| endomysium | surrounds individual muscle fibres |
| muscle shapes | long, convergent, pennate, fusiform, spiral, circular |
Created by:
black_sheep
Popular Science sets