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Microbiology 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Immunity can either be | innate or acquired |
| acquired immunity is either | active or passive |
| active immunity comes from..and an example would be... | your own immune responses...injection w/ heat killed pathogen |
| active immunity can either be | natural or artificial |
| natural active immunity involves | exposure to infectious agents |
| artificial active immunity is | immunization |
| passive immunity uses | ready-made antibodies |
| passive immunity is either | natural or artificial |
| natural passive immunity would be things like | maternal igg in newborns |
| artificial passive would be | transfering antisera from animals to humans |
| two artificial methods of immunity are either | active (vaccine) or passive(antidote) |
| active artificial immunizations or vaccines do what...and envolve the...so the patient... | builds memory...administration of antigens...actively mounts a protective immune responser |
| passive artificial immunization or antidotes only work for | short periods of time bec there's no memory |
| in passive artificial immunization, individual acquires immunity through the | transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal |
| in 1796...discovered...demonstrating that... | edward jenner...process of vaccination...innoculating with vaccinia virus (cowpox) protected against smallpox |
| jenner innoculated patient with...and the virus for small pox is... | benign form of vaccinia virus....variola visu |
| in 1879...developed the.. | louis pasteur...first attenuated vaccine against smallpox |
| attenuated means that the virus still has | out proteins but had some virulence factors removed |
| antibody transfer developed when... | it was discovered that vaccines protect via the action of antibodies |
| many developing nations do not | receive sufficient vaccines to treat their populations |
| effective vaccines have not | developed for some pathogens |
| perceived vaccine0associated risks | discourage investment in the development of new vaccines |
| several types of vaccines exist, each with | their own strengths and weaknesses |
| several types of vaccinations include | attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit, toxoid, combination, recombinant gene technology vaccines |
| attenuated vaccines are...and is when the organism is... | live...alive but doesn't have all virulence factors |
| inactivated viruses include organisms that are...via... | killed...chemically/with heat |
| subunit vaccines do what to the organism | kill it and seperate parts so you innoculate just the proteins |
| combination vaccines involve | multiple organisms at once |
| attenuated or live vaccines use | pathogens with reduced virulence |
| attenuated vaccines can result in...and use..that stimulate ... | mild inffections...active microbes...strong immune response |
| attenuated vaccines can provide..so you only need... | long term immunity..one vaccine |
| attenuated vaccines may include some | modified microbes that may retain enough residual virulence to cause disase |
| examples of attenuated vaccinesinclude | MMR: measles, mumps and rubella |
| inactivated or killed vaccines are | whole agent vaccines |
| killed vacines can include...where you... | subunit vaccines...extract proteins |
| killed vacines are | safer than live |
| killed vaccines are...becuase... | antigenically weak...microbes don't provide many antigenic molecules to stimulate the immune response |
| killed vaccines often contain..which are... | adjuvants...chemicals added to increase effective antigenicity (booster) |
| live vaccine: first injection allows the...prompting a... | virus to multiply rapidly...full-scale immune response with antibody production and a t cell reponse |
| live vaccine pros and cons | only one shot needed but there is a minute risk of developing the disease |
| killed vaccine uses...that can't | killed virus..multiply and the antibody response is limited |
| killed vaccines involve | three injections, the two later ones ensure sufficient antibody production |
| pros and cons for killed vaccines | no risk of developing the disease but three injections are needed |
| subunit vaccines use only..namely the... | those parts of the microbe that stimulate the immune system well,...antigens |
| subunit vaccines occur by containing only | what is needed for an immune response and not all the other parts of the microbe |
| subunit vaccines tend to | cause fewer adverse reactions |
| subunit vaccines require | boosters |
| toxoid vaccines are...and are used with some... | not live...bacterial diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus |
| the problem with toxoid vaccines is not the | bacteria themselves but rather the toxins they produce, which enter and poison cells |
| toxoid vaccines, therefore, contain | inactivated toxins known as tocoid which stimulate antitoxin antibody production |
| when a person is infected, the...can.. | antibodies...block the toxins from getting into cells |
| toxoid vaccines require | multiple doses bec they possess fewer antigenic determinants |
| general vaccines used routinely include | combination vaccines and recombinant vaccines |
| combination vaccines involve | simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens |
| recombinant vaccines use...and research attemps to make... | recombinant gene technology...vaccines more effective, cheaper and safer |
| recombinant vaccines use a variety of | recombinant dna techniques to improve vaccines |
| vaccine manufacturers do what | mass produce many vaccines by growing microbes in culture vessels |
| viruses are | cultured inside chicken eggs |
| individuals with...must avoid... | egg allergies...avoid some vaccines |
| examples of live attenuated vaccines include | measles, mumps, rubella, polio (sabine vaccine), severe diarrhea, influenza(intranasal vaccine), chicken pox and shiingles |
| inactivated or killed vaccines include | influenza, hepatitis a, japanese encephalitis, polio (salk vaccine) and rabies |
| subunit faccines include | diphtheria, genital warts, cervical cancer prevention, hepatitis b, meningococcal disease, pertussis, pneumococcal disease and tetanus |
| problems associated with immunization include..as the most common | mild toxicity |
| another problem with immunization is the risk of | anaphylactic shock |
| problem associated with immunization involves | residual virulence from attenuated viruses |
| there are certain allegations that certain | vaccines cauase autism, diabetes, asthma but research has not substantiated them |
| passive immunotherapy involves the administration of | antiserum containing preformed antibodies |
| passive immunotherapy provides | immediate protection against a recent infection or an ongoing disease |
| passive immunotherapy: the antisera have | several limitations |
| limitations of antisera: it contains | antibodies against many antigens |
| limiatations of antisera: can trigger | allergic reactions called serum sickness (creating antibodies for antibodies) |
| limitations of antisera: viral pathogens may | contaminate antisera |
| limitations of antisera: antibodies of | antisera are degraded relatively quickly |
| immune testing uses include | serology |
| serology is the study and | diagnostic use of antigen-antibody interactions in blood serum |
| two categories of immune testing include | direct or indirect testing |
| direct testing is looking for | presence of antigens |
| indirect testing looks for | antibodies in the blood that have formed against antigens |
| direct/indirect tests are chosen based on the | suspected diagnosis, cost and speed with which a result can be obtained |
| agglutination tests: agglutination occurs due to the | cross-linking of antibodies with particulate antigens |
| antigens are in | suspension (not dissolved - floating) |
| antibodies are in | solute |
| agglutination is the | clumping of insoluble particles |
| precipitation involves the | aggregation of soluble molecules |
| agglutination reactions are | easy to see and interpret with the unaided eye |
| hemagglutination is the | agglutination of rbcs |
| hemagglutination can be used to..and may use... | determine blood type...agglutination test to quantify antibody in a sample (observed in lab( |
| neutralization tests include | viral hemagglutination inhibition tests |
| viral hema inhibition tests require...to bind to.. | several viruses...proteins on the surface of rbcs |
| viral hema inhibition test is based on | viral hemagglutination...ability of viral surface proteins to clump rbcs |
| in the viral hema test, individual's serum will | stop viral hema if the serum contains antibodies against the specific virus |
| viral hema inhibi test is commonly used to detect | antibodies against influenza, measles and mumps |
| antibody preps are either | mono or polyclonal |
| polyclonal is the result of | a humoral immune response |
| polyclonal is commonly raised in | immunized farm animals liek rabbits, sheep goats and horses |
| for polyclonal,, antibodies are found in | serum |
| polyclonal antibodies recognize | many epitopse, with varying specificity |
| monoclonal is derived from | immunized rodents using hybridoma technology |
| monoclonal antibodies recognize | a single epitope |
| hybridomas have gene coding for | variable regions |
| monoclonal has | consistent specificity |
| monoclonal antibodies can be | humanized to become potentially therapeutic |
| for monoclonal antibodies, you take ..and fuse it to..to make a... | b cells from mouse...immortal or cancer cells...hybridoma |
| the hybridoma is then used to | clone individual cells for antibody(monoclonal) production |
| labeled antibodies: antibody molecules can be...which enables... | linked to a label...them to be easily detected |
| labels are used to | detect either antigens or other antibodies |
| labels are commonly either | flourescent markers or enzymes |
| antibodies labeled with...can also be used as... | toxins...magic bullets against pathogens or cancer cells |
| fluourescent dyes are used as | labels to tag antibodies |
| flourescein is | one dye used in the test |
| examples of uses of flourescents include | detection of fastidious pathogens, location of specific proteins in biological samples and detection of surface proteins on cells by cytometry |
| example of cytometry would be the detection of | cd4 on th cells in hiv patients |
| elisa stands for | enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay |
| elisas use | an enzyme as the label |
| elisa involves the reaction of...with its... | enzyme...substrate to produce a colored product indicating a positive result |
| indirect elisa is | commonly used to detect the presence of antibodies in serum |
| direct elisa assays involve | primary antibody binding to an antigen and an enzyme binding to the antibody to produce a substrate |
| indirect elisa assay involves | antigen, primary antibody binding to antigen, secondary antibody conjugate binding to antibody which has the enzyme and produces the substrate |
| indirect elisa is used to test | for presence and abundance of specific antibodies in serum |
| another type of elisa is | variation or sandwhich elisa |
| sandwhich elisa is used to test for | presence of antigen in a sample |
| sandwhich elisas can either be | direct or indirect |
| recent developments in immune testing include | immunochromatography |
| immunochromatography is very | rapid and easy to read alternative to elisa or hemagglutination |
| immunochromatography has an...that flows through a... | antigen solution..porous strip where it encounters labeled antibody |
| next, in immunochromatography, there is a...that encounters... | visible line produced when antigen-antibody immune complexes...antibody against them |
| examples of immunochromatogrpahy uses include | pregnancy testing to detect human chorionic gonadotropin, viruses such as RSV or influenza and rapid test for bacteria such as group a strep |
Created by:
handrzej
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