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Nutr (Ch. 5)
Proteins
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| protein(peptide) | nitrogen-containing macronutrient made from amino acids |
| amino acid | nutrient composed of a central carbon bonded to an amino group, carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain group(R-group) |
| peptide bond | a chemical bond that joins amino acids |
| polypeptide | a string of 13+ amino acids held together via peptide bond |
| amino group | the nitrogen-containing component of an amino acid |
| R-group | the portion of an amino acid's structure that distinguishes it from other amino acids |
| alpha-keto acid | a compound that accepts an amino group from an amino acid in the process of transamination |
| transamination | the process whereby an amino group is formed via the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to another organic compound |
| phenylketonuria(PKU) | an inherited disease in which the body cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine |
| complete protein source | a food that contains all the essential amino acids in relative amounts needed by the body |
| incomplete protein source | a food that lacks or contains very low amounts of one or more essential amino acids |
| limiting amino acid | the essential amino acid in the lowest concentration in an incomplete protein source |
| protein complementation | combining incomplete protein sources to provide all of the essential amino acids in relatively adequate amounts |
| high-quality protein source | a complete protein source with high amino acid bioavailability |
| low-quality protein source | a food that id either an incomplete protein source or one that has low amino acid bioavailability |
| genetically modified organism(GMO) | an organism(plant or animal) made by genetic engineering |
| cell signalling | the first step in protein synthesis, in which the cell recieves a signal to produce a protein. Note that this term is also used for a variety of other processes (aside from protein synthesis) within the cell |
| up-regulation | in the context of protein synthesis, increased expression of a gene |
| down-regulation | in the context of protein synthesis, decreased expression of a gene |
| transcription | the process whereby mRNA is made using DNA as a template |
| chromosomes | a strand of DNA and associated proteins in a cell's nucleus |
| gene | a portion of a chromosome that codes for the primary structure of a protein |
| messenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA) | a form of RNA involved in gene transcription |
| translation | the process whereby amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on ribosomes, using mRNA and tRNA |
| ribosome | an organelle, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, involved in gene translation |
| transfer ribonucleic acid(tRNA) | a form of RNA in the cytoplasm involved in gene translation |
| primary structure | the sequence of amino acids that make up a single peptide chain |
| sickle cell anemia | a disease in which a small change in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become misshapen and decreases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| secondary structure | folding of a protein because of weak bonds that form between elements of the amino acids backbone(not R-groups) |
| alpha-helix | a common configuration that makes up many proteins' secondary structures |
| Beta-folded sheet | a common configuration that makes up many proteins' secondary structures |
| tertiary structure | folding of a polypeptide chain because of interactions among the R-group of the amino acids |
| gene therapy | the use of altered genes to enhance health |
| quaternary structure | the combining of peptide chains with other peptide chains in a protein |
| prosthetic group | a nonprotein component of a protein that is part of the quaternary structure |
| denaturation | the alteration of a protein's 3-D structure by heat, acid, chemicals, enzymes, or agitation |
| genetic makeup | the particular DNA contained in a person's cells |
| mutation | the alteration of a gene |
| polymorphism | an alteration in a gene that is present in at least 1% of the population |
| epigenetics | alterations in gene expression that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence |
| nutrigenomics | the science of how genetics and nutrition together influence health |
| gastrin | a hormone, secreted by endocrine cells in the stomach, which stimulates the production and release of gastric juice |
| pepsinogen | the inactive from(proenzyme) of pepsin, produced in the stomach |
| proenzyme | an inactive precursor of an enzyme |
| pepsin | an enzyme needed for protein digestion |
| protease | an enzyme the cleaves peptide bonds |
| trypsinogen, chymotrysinogen, proelastase, and procarboxypeptidase | inactive proenzymes produced in the pancreas and released into the small intestine in response to CCK |
| trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidase | active enzymes(proteases) involved in protein digestion in the small intestin |
| food allergy | a condition in which the body's immune system reacts against a protein in food |
| food intolerance | a condition in which the body reacts negatively to a food or food component but does not mount an immune response |
| anaphylaxis | a severe and potentially threatening allergic reaction |
| catalyst | a substance that increases the rate by which a chemical reaction occurs, without being consumed in the process |
| antibody | a protein, produced by the immune system, that helps fight infection |
| albumin | a protein important in regulating fluid balance between intravascular and interstitial spaces |
| edema | the buildup of fluid in the interstitial spaces |
| glucogenic amino acid | an amino acid that can be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis |
| gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources |
| deamination | the removal of an amino group from an amino acid |
| protein turnover | the cycle involving both protein synthesis and protein degradation in the body |
| labile amino acid pool | amino acids that are immediately available to cells for protein synthesis and other purposes |
| urea | a relatively nontoxic, nitrogen-containing compound that is produced from ammonia |
| nitrogen balance | the condition in which protein(nitrogen) intake equals protein(nitrogen) loss by the body |
| negative nitrogen balance | the condition in which protein(nitrogen) intake is less than protein(nitrogen) loss by the body |
| positive nitrogen balance | the condition in which protein(nitrogen) intake is greater than protein(nitrogen) loss by the body |
| vegetarian | someone who does not consume any or selected foods and beverages made from animal products |
| lacto-ovo-vegetarian | a type of vegetarian who consumes dairy products and eggs in an otherwise plant-based diet |
| lactovegetarian | a type of vegetarian who consumes dairy products(but not eggs) in an otherwise plant-based diet |
| vegan | a type of vegetarian who consumes no animal products |
| protein-energy malnutrition(PEM) | protein deficiency accompanied by inadequate intake of protein and often of other essential nutrients as well |
| marasmus | a form of PEM characterized by extreme wasting of muscle and adipose tissue |
| kwashiorkor | a form of OEM often characterized by edema in the extremities |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity |
Created by:
syfisher
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