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A&P Marieb Ch6 Bones
A&P Marieb Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissue terms
| Term | definition |
|---|---|
| Axial | Relating to the head, neck, and trunk; one of the two major divisions of the body. |
| Appendicular | Relating to the limbs; one of the two major divisions of the body. |
| Skeletal cartilage | Composes most of the skeleton in early fetal life; articular cartilage, nasal cartilage in the adult skeleton. |
| Hyaline cartilage | The most abundant cartilage type in the body; provides firm support with some pliability. |
| Elastic cartilage | Cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage. |
| Fibrocartilage | The most compressible type of cartilage; resistant to stretch. Forms vertebral discs and knee joint cartilages. |
| Appositional growth | Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed. |
| interstitial growth | "growth within" The lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within. |
| Classification of Bones | long, short, flat, and irregular |
| Long bones | Bones that are longer than they are wide. It has a shaft plus two ends and an elongated shape. (i.e. all limb bones except the patella (kneecap) and the wrist and ankle bones) |
| Short bones | Bones that are oughly cube shaped. (i.e. bones of the wrist and ankle) |
| Sesamoid bones | Short bones embedded in tendons, variable in size and number, many of which influence the action of muscles; largest is the patella (kneecap). Some clearly act to alter the direction of pull of a tendon; |
| Flat bones | Bones that are thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved. (i.e. the sternum (breastbone), scapulae (shoulder blades), ribs, and most skull bones) |
| Irregular bones | Bones that have complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes. (i.e. include the vertebrae and the hip bones) |
| Functions of Bones | Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral and growth factor storage, and blood cell formation |
| Levels of Bone Structure | gross, microscopic, and chemical |
| Tuberosity | Large rounded projection; may be roughed |
| Crest | Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent |
| Trochanter | Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur) |
| Line | Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest |
| Tubercle | Small rounded projection or process |
| Epicondyle | Raised area on or above a condyle |
| Spine | Sharp, slender, often pointed projection |
| Head (projections that help form joints) | Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck |
| Facet (projections that help form joints) | Smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
| Condyle (projections that help form joints) | Rounded articular projection |
| Ramu (projections that help form joints) | Armlike bar of bone |
| Meatus | Canal-like passageway |
| Sinus | Cavity within a bone, filed with air and lined with mucous membrane |
| Fossa | Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface |
| Groove | Furrow |
| Fissure | Narrow, slitlike opening |
| Foramen | Round or oval opening through a bone |
| Bone Markings | Indications of the stresses created by muscles attached to and pulling on them or are modified surfaces where bones meet and form joints |
| Bone Textures | Compact and Spongy |
| compact bone | external dense layer of bone that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye |
| spongy bone | internal layer of skeletal bone. Also called cancellous bone. |
| Structure of a flat bone | bones consisting of a layer of spongy bone (the diploë) sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone |
| hyaline cartilage | articular surface of the epiphysis is covered with this |
| periosteum | external surface of the diaphysis is covered by this |
| Diaphysis | Elongated shaft of a long bone. |
| Medullary cavity | Central cavity of a long bone. Contains yellow or red (bone) marrow. |
| Bone marrow | Fat- or blood-forming tissue found within bone cavities; called yellow and red bone marrow, respectively. |
| Epiphysis | The end of a long bone, attached to the shaft. |
| epiphyseal plate | Plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone. |
| Typical Long Bone Structure | diaphysis, epiphyses & membranes |
| Osteoblasts | Bone-forming cells. |
| Osteoclasts | Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix. |
| Periosteum | Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone. |
| Endosteum | Connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces. |
| Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones | consist of thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside and endosteum-covered spongy bone within - not cylindrical |
| Diploë | The internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones. |
| four major cell types that populate bone tissue: | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts |
| Osteon | System of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone; also called Haversian system. |
| Lamella | A layer, or matrix tube, in an osteon of compact bone - (in lab it was the "birthday candle" layer (looked like a mini wedding cake?) around the red "wick" bit |
| Central (Haversian) canal | The canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of the osteocytes. (in lab - canal that holds the blood vessel ("wick") found in the center of the osteon ("candle") |
| Perforating canals | Canals that run at right angles to the long axis of bone, connecting the vascular & nerve supplies of the periosteum to the central canals and medullary cavity; Volkmann’s canals (connects canal holding "wick") |
| Osteocyte | Spider-shaped mature bone cell (lab = purple lice looking things in the osteon) |
| Lacunae | A small space, cavity, or depression; lacunae in bone or cartilage are occupied by cells (canal that holds the purple lice looking things) |
| Canaliculus (can I like ur eye) | Hairlike canals connecting the lacunae to each other and central canal |
| Osteogenesis | The process of bone formation; also called ossification. |
| Intramembranous ossification | bone developed from fibrous membranen (i.e. cranial/clavicles - all flat - 8th wk) |
| Endochondral ossification | Embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones are formed by this process - not clavicles - 2nd month) |
| Wolff’s law | a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it. |
| Paget’s disease | Disorder characterized by excessive bone breakdown and abnormal bone formation. |
| Achondroplasia | congenital condition involving defective cartilage and endochondral bone growth so that the limbs are too short but the membrane bones are of normal size; a type of dwarfism. |
| Bony spur | Abnormal projection from a bone due to bony overgrowth; common in aging bones. |
| Ostealgia | Pain in the bone |
| Osteitis | Inflamation of bony tissue |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | brittle bone disease - inadequate amounts of collagen |
| Osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound (e.g., compound bone fracture) |
| Osteosarcoma | A form of bone cancer typically arising in a long bone of a limb and most often in those 10–25 years of age. Grows aggressively, painfully eroding the bone; tends to metastasize to the lungs and cause secondary lung tumors. |
| Pathologic fracture | Fracture in a diseased bone involving slight (coughing or a quick turn) or no physical trauma. i.e. hip bone weakened by osteoporosis |
| Traction | Placing sustained tension on a body region to keep the parts of a fractured bone in proper alignment; |
Created by:
jgloverwilson
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