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Biology Chapter 2 Na
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Exergonic | Energy Released |
| Endergonic | Energy Absorbed |
| Chemical Equations | What Chemical Reactions are Illustrated With |
| Reactants | (Substances that enter reaction) LEFT SIDE OF THE EQUATION |
| Products | (Substance produced) RIGHT SIDE OF THE EQUATION |
| Chemical Reactions | The process of breaking and reforming chemical bonds |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy of Motion |
| Solids | Least K.E. |
| Liquids | Intermediate K.E. |
| Gases | Most K.E. |
| Potential Energy | Stored Energy |
| Energy | Can not be created nor destroyed, but is easily converted from one form to another |
| Activation Energy | A push to get a reaction started |
| Enzymes | Specialized Proteins |
| Catalysts | Anything that speeds a reaction up by reducing the amount of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction |
| Redox Reactions | Reactions that including Oxidation and Reduction, and they always occur together |
| Oxidation | The loss of electrons- becomes positive |
| Reduction | The gain of electrons- becomes negative |
| pH | Measure of how acidic or basic something is |
| Acidic | *pH below 7 *Hydronium Ions (H3O+)> Hydroxide Ions (OH-) *Sour Taste *Produces a burning sensation |
| Basic | *pH above 7 *Hydroxide Ions (OH-)> Hydronium Ions (H3O+) *Slippery *Bitter Taste |
| pH Scale | Runs from 0-14 |
| Buffers | Substances that are able to neutralize acids and bases |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and volume |
| Mass | A measure of the quantity of matter |
| Volume | Amount of space something occupies |
| Weight | Measure of gravitational pull on a mass |
| Atoms | The fundamental unit of all matter |
| Subatomic Particles | What all atoms are made up of |
| Protons | Found in nucleus- positive charge |
| Neutrons | Found in nucleus- no charge |
| Electrons | Orbits outside of the nucleus, in orbitals which make up energy levels. Negative charge |
| Elements | Composed entirely of one kind of atom |
| Atomic Number (Direct) | Indicates the number of protons |
| Atomic Number(Indirect) | Indicates the number of elcectrons |
| Mass Number or Atomic Mass Number | The sum of the protons plus the neutrons |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element(same atomic #), but have different atomic masses or mass numbers. Different number of neutrons. |
| Radioisotope | Isotopes that are radioactive |
| Radioactive | They release changed particles and energy from their nucleus and decay into more stable forms. |
| Uses for Radioactive Thingies | *Diagnose medical conditions *To treat disease (like cancer) *Determine age of rocks and fossils |
| Compounds | Composed of two or more different elements that are chemically combined (bonded) |
| Valence Electrons | Outer shell electrons |
| Stable or Inert Elements | Filled outer shell electrons- NOT likely to join with other elements to form compounds |
| Unstable or Reactive Elements | Unfilled outer shell electrons- likely to join with other elements to make compounds to achieve stability; to fill their outer electron energy levels |
| Ionic Bonds (Electron Transfer Bonds) | Bonds formed by the transfer of one or more electrons between elements to achieve stability |
| Convalent Bonding | Bonds formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons |
| Mixtures | Combinations of two or more substances- no chemical bonding |
| Solutions | When one or more substances are uniformly distributed throughout another |
| Mass Number or Atomic Mass Number | The sum of the protons plus the neutrons |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element(same atomic #), but have different atomic masses or mass numbers. Different number of neutrons. |
| Radioisotope | Isotopes that are radioactive |
| Radioactive | They release changed particles and energy from their nucleus and decay into more stable forms. |
| Uses for Radioactive Thingies | *Diagnose medical conditions *To treat disease (like cancer) *Determine age of rocks and fossils |
| Compounds | Composed of two or more different elements that are chemically combined (bonded) |
| Valence Electrons | Outer shell electrons |
| Stable or Inert Elements | Filled outer shell electrons- NOT likely to join with other elements to form compounds |
| Unstable or Reactive Elements | Unfilled outer shell electrons- likely to join with other elements to make compounds to achieve stability; to fill their outer electron energy levels |
| Ionic Bonds (Electron Transfer Bonds) | Bonds formed by the transfer of one or more electrons between elements to achieve stability |
| Convalent Bonding | Bonds formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons |
| Mixtures | Combinations of two or more substances- no chemical bonding |
| Solutions | When one or more substances are uniformly distributed throughout another |
| Solvent | The substance that dissolves the solute |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved by the solvent |
| Concentration | A measure of the solute that dissolves in a fixed amount of solvent |
| Saturation Point | Point at which no additional solute will dissolve |
| Aqueous Solutions | Solutions in which H2O (water) is the solvent |
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