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Chapter 9
Section 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring | genetics |
| the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring | heredity |
| a genetically determined variant of a characteristic | trait |
| the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures (the anthers) to the tip of a female reproductive structure (the pistil) of a flower in angiosperms or to the ovule in gymnosperms | pollination |
| the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the smae flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant | self-pollination |
| a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant | cross-pollination |
| describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait | true-breeding |
| parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross | P generation |
| the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms | F1 generation |
| the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation | F2 generation |
| describes the allele that is fully expressed when carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes | dominant |
| describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited | recessive |
| Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete | law of segregation |
| the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis | law of independent assortment |
| the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the function and regulation of genes | molecular genetics |
| one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color | allele |