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IB Biology SL
A stack for me doing IB Biology SL.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Binomial Nomenclature | Combination of genus and species. Genus is always capitalized. |
| Why do we use biological classification? | Avoid confusion over the use of common names. Attempt to define a evolutionary relationship between organisms. Give each organism a unique name. |
| What is taxonomy? | The study of the theory and practice of classification. |
| What are the taxonomic categories? | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What is a taxa? | A group within a taxonomic category, ie. Homo |
| What are monotremes? | A sub-class of mammals that lay eggs and have most development taking place during the egg phase. |
| What are marsupials? | A sub-class of mammals that give birth with most development occurring after the 'fetus' has moved to a pouch feeding off a nipple. |
| What are placentals? | A sub-class of mammals that give birth with a long period of internal development supported by a placenta. |
| What are characteristics of Kingdom Bacteria? | Bacteria, or prokaryotes, have a prokaryotic cell structure, lacking the nuclei and chromosomes of eukaryotic cells as well as having smaller 70S ribosomes. They are asexual and reproduce by binary fission. |
| What are some bacteria gram-positive? | Gram-positive bacteria have walls that consist of many layers of peptidoglycan forming a thick single-layered structure which can hold the gram stain, thus staining them a dark violet colour. |
| Why are some bacteria gram-negative? | Gram-negative bacteria contain only a small proportion of peptidoglycan so the dark violet stain is not retained and is washed away. |
| What is the difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria? | Eubacteria probably evolved from the Archaebacteria and differ from Archaebacteria by differences in cell wall composition, nucleotide structure, and ribosome shape. |
| What are the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi? | Fungi are part of the eukaryotic superkingdom. They have a rigid cell wall made of chitin. Fungi can vary from single-celled organisms to multicellular organisms. They are terrestrial and immobile and are mostly saprophytic. |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Fungi regarding nutrition and reproduction? | Most fungi reproduce by spores and contain filaments on the main body of the fungus called hyphae, which they use to feed through extracellular digestion. They are heterotrophic, meaning they feed off other organisms to gain carbon and nitrogen. |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Protista? | They are polyphyletic, which means they are derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor. They are unicellular or simple multicellular. They are heterotrophic and feed via ingestion. They are divided into algae or protozoa. |
| What are some characteristics of algae and protozoa? | Algae are plant-like protists, and protozoa are animal-like protists. Algae are autotrophic and have chlorophyll present. Protozoa are mostly microscopic and lack cell walls. They are widespread in moist environments. |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Plantae? | The Plantae Kingdom contains multicellular organisms that are mostly photosynthetic and contain chlorophyll. They have cell walls made of cellulose and store food as starch. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Byrophyta? | Plants in Phylum Byrophyta include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They do not possess 'true' roots, stems or leaves and are small, restricted to moist, terrestrial environments. Some reproduce by spores. They are non-vascular. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Filicinophyta? | Plants in Phylum Filicinophyta possess 'true' roots, stems, and leaves. This phylum includes ferns. They reproduce by spores on the underside of the leaf, not by seeds. They have large, dividing leaves called fronds. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Coniferophyta? | In the Phylum Coniferophyta the plants include conifers and they have both male and female cones. The seeds are stored in the cones which are then exposed to the environment. Conifers have woody stems and needle-like leaves. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Angiospermophyta? | Plants in the Phylum Angiospermophyta have seeds in specialised reproductive structures which are flowers. They reproduce by pollination via wind or animals. The female reproductive ovary develops into a fruit. |
| What are the characteristics of Class Monocotyledonae? | Monocotyledons have flower parts occurring in multiples of three and their leaves have parallel veins. They only have one food storage organ, or cotyledon, and are normally herbaceous, non-woody, with no secondary growth. Class of Phylum Angiospermophyta. |
| What are the characteristics of Class Dicotyledonae? (Class of Phylum Angiospermophyta) | Dicotyledons have leaves with branching veins and two cotyledons inside the seed which is in the form of an acorn. Their flower parts occur in multiples of four or five and could possibly have a secondary growth which could be both herbaceous or woody. |
| What are the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia? | The Kingdom Animalia consist of multicellular, heterotrophic organisms with over eight hundred thousand species in thirty three existing phyla. Their animals cells all lack cell walls. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Porifera? | The Phylum Porifera includes sponges, and they are all aquatic, and lack organs as well as a nervous system. They reproduce asexually by budding and are sessile, able to attach to the ocean floor. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria? | The Phylum Cnidaria include jellyfish and coral, all aquatic. They are diplobastic, meaning they have a body derived from only two embryonic cell layers. They have two basic body forms, the Medusa and the Polyp, some species able to switch between them. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Platyhlminthes? | The Phylum Platyhelminthes include tapeworms, planarians, and flukes, and are unsegmented. They have lost a coelom, many are parasitic, they have a mouth but no anus, and a flattened body shape. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Annelida? | The Phylum Annelida consists of earthworms, leeches, and tubeworms (polychaetes). They have a cylindrical, segmented body with chaetae, meaning bristles. They move using a hydrostatic skeleton and/or parapodia (appendages). |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Mollusca? | Phylum Mollusca comprise of snails, mussels and squid. They are soft-bodied and unsegmented, with a body consisting of a head, muscular foot, and visceral mass. Most have a radula. They include both aquatic and terrestrial with aquatics having gills. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda? | The Phylum Arthropoda includes insects, spiders, arachnids, and crustaceans. They all have an exoskeleton made of chitin, jointed appendages, segmented bodies, compound eyes, an open circulation system, and a heart found on the dorsal side of the body. |
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata? | Includes starfish and sea urchins. They are unsegmented, marine, with tube feet, external fertilization, a water vascular system, a rigid body wall with internal skeleton, ventral mouth and a dorsal anus, while many also possess spines. |
| What are some new methods of classification? | DNA profiling/sequencing reveals the unique genetic makeup of an individual and compares it with related organisms. DNA hybridization compares the percentage similarity between organisms. |
| What are some features of classification keys? | They indicate how closely species are related to on another in an evolutionary sense. An organism's classification in that key should include a clear description, an accurate diagram, and its binomial nomenclature. |
| What does classifying an organism using a classification key need? | Ensure the organism you are assigning is formally classified and is on the classification key. Typically keys are dichotomous with steps including a question. If an organism cannot be identified then it may be a new species or the key may need revision. |
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su7william
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