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Ecology Chap1/2
Exam 1 Ecology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Population | study between one species |
| Albeto | relection of sunlight by water, ice, and clouds (30%) |
| terrestrial longwave radiation | heat that is dissipated and leaves |
| intertropical convergence | when NE and SE winds join at the equator |
| orographic lift | forces moisture/cloud from ocean to collide with the mountains to go higher and cool due to adiabatic cooling |
| Ernst Heckel | coined term "ecology" |
| Robert MacArthur | studied 5 species of warbler in North America |
| EP Odum and HT Odum | Fathers of modern ecology (U of GA) |
| John J Bartrum | America's first naturalist. Described ecosystem he encountered. |
| Alex Von Humboldt | as an explorer in the 1800s first noticed there were zones of vegetation in South America due to temp. |
| Ellen Swallow | first women ecologist, recognized that Technology and development were affecting the environment from U of Chicago |
| Peter Kalm | first person to understand plant succession and change in community over time FE Clements: father of plant ecology in US wrote the first book on research methods in ecology (systems biology/ecology of the cell); “sum is greater than parts” |
| EA Birge and C Juday | fathers of American limnology (study of inland waters, typically fresh), studied small lakes |
| Charles Adams | The first course in ecology was taught by him at the University of Chicago in 1903 |
| Sir Aurthor Tansely | first coined the term “ecosystem” (Study of relation between living and nonliving in abiotic environment) in 1935 |
| Henry Cowles | first person to “pioneer” ecosystem studies concerning community concepts |
| Victor Shelford | law of tolerance, father of animal ecology wrote a book on beetles and insects |
| GE Hutchinson | introduced statistics to ecology and changed the way we view our world around us (start to model rates) |
| Environmental Science | man’s impact on nature |
| Environmentalism | subjective philosophical. Not a true science, incorporates aesthetics and values. |
| Population | all potentially interbreeding organisms within a defined geographical area. Subset of species not the other way around |
| Species | similar, potentially interbreeding organisms |
| Community | group of interacting organisms of different species in the same area |
| Ecosystem | community of organisms and their physical environment interacting as an ecological unit |
| Landscape | energy flow, nutrient exchange and movement of organisms across ecosystems |
| Biosphere | the portion of the earth and atmosphere capable of supporting life |
| Mesocosms | trade-off between pure field and laboratory study. Set up in the environment but can be manipulated [ex: tank, aquarium] (and add salinity or nutrients or organisms) |
| palynology | the study of pollen grains and spores |
| Endothia parisitica | fungus (pathogen) that decimated the dominant tree species in the Eastern deciduous forest, wiped out the chestnuts that have reached a certain size |
| pandion haliaetus | osprey |
| Organic horizon | darkest layer, 60 cm down. Animal and plant decomposition layer (various dead organic materials in various stages of decomposition). |
| A horizon | top soil. First mineral layer comprised of clay, sand, silt, aluminum, iron, silicon oxides etc. |
| bioturbation | reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants |
| E Horizon | “zone of eluviation” (zone of maximum leaching); a lot of chemical weathering going on |
| B horizon | “zone of illuviation” (zone of maximum accumulation). Materials leached from A horizon due to rain water percolating through the soils and picking up iron, minerals are deposited in B horizon. Most pronounced, developed soil layer. |
| C horizon | less weathered than the layers above it. Less biological activity. Larger fragments of rocks. Have bedrock underneath. |
| R horizon | the bedrock horizon |
| Pedogenesis | soil development |
| Regolith | all the material above bedrock |
| Solum | (means true soil) O horizon to bottom of B horizon |
| Fibric (O sub I): | can identify most of the dead organic material of the constituents |
| Hemic organic layer (O sub E): | over 50% of the organic layer you cannot identify, intermediately decomposed |
| Sapric O horizon (O sub A) | so far decomposed you can no longer tell what it is |
| catena | soils that are same age that derive from same parent material that occur under similar climatic conditions, but have differing characteristics due to variations in relief and drainage |
| hydric soils | soil that develop under anaerobic conditions |
| Sand | Less than 2 mm- greater than 0.05 mm |
| Silt | less than 0.05 mm-greater than 0.002 mm |
| Clay fraction | Less than 0.002 mm |
| Inceptisols | young soils, embryonic soils, inception of the B horizon |
| Histosols | organic soils, dominated by plant material, develops in medium to high rainfall, saturation and little to no oxygen in water environment, hydric soils, peat bogs |
| Loam | made up of equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay particles |
| Entisols | geologically very young, all climates, little to no profile development |
| Andisols | all over the world (dry to wet), come from volcanic ejecta, fertile soils (high cationic exchange capacity) |
| vertisols | swelling clays with high base cations because clays have high SA to V ratio |
| spodosols | spodic horizon, accumulation of organic matter and aluminum and iron oxides, forms a pan, in Boreal northern coniferous forest. Soil is acidic and tend to have low base cations. |
| aridosols | develop in deserts, forms caliche |
| caliche | gravel pan at soil surface that occurs because of cations and soil constituents that is pulled up to the surface once sun hits |
| mollisols | have diagnostic dark horizon (because of a lot of organic material), high base cations, very fertile, bread baskets of Europe and America (grasslands), medium amt of rainfall |
| alfisols | in broad leaf forests, medium to high rainfall, mildly acidic, medium to high base cations |
| ultisols | high rainfall, moderate temperature, on forested environments, tropical, subtropical, acidic, low base cations |
| oxisols | most weathered, highly leached, rainforest soils (all nutrients in the trees), no nutrients |
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snking
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