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Microbiology 9

QuestionAnswer
two classes of mhc proteins are classz I and class II
mhc class I presents on the..which does not include... surface of all nucleated cells...rbcs
mhc class I is associated with cd8 on cytotoxic t cells
mhc class I presents endogenous
mhc class Ii presents on the surface of all professional antigen presenting cells
professional anitgen presenting cells include dendritic cells, macrophages and b cells
dendritic cells accumulate in the...where... ct...pathogens enter
dendritic cells act as centinnels (first to respond)
dendritic cells do antigen uptake via...for... macropinocytosis and phagocytosis...viral infection
dendritic cells are located in the lymph tissue, ct tissue and epithelia
dendritic cells are presented with what antigens peptides, viral antigens and allergens
macrophages do antigen uptake via..and are located in the... phagocytosis...lymph tissue, ct and body cavities
macrophages are presented with what antigens particulate antigens, intracellular and extracellular pathogens
b cells do antigen putake via antigen-specific receptor(ig)
b cells are located in lymph tissues and peripheral blood
b cells are presented with what antigens soluble antigens, toxins and viruses
b cells only pick up specific antigens
dendritic cells and macrophages pick up any antigen
naive b/t cells are b/t cell receptor that goes to periphery but hasn't seen antigen so it is not activated yet
antigen that enters the skin is loaded on...which... dendritic cells..migrate to draining lymph nodes
in the lymph nodes...are activated by..and start to... naive t cells...antigen-loaded dendritic cells...proliferate and differentiate
dendritic cells are...that acquire... antigen-responsive cells...epression of specific adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors that enable them to migrate into the effector site
cellular adhesion molecules are selectins
preparation for adaptive immune response involves antigen processing
antigen processing is when antigens are. processed for mhc proteins to display epitopes
there are...for... different processes...endogenous and exogneous antigens
antigen presenting cells can either be...and...is in the... mhc I or II...I...er
infected cells can only be mhcI
there are...of antigen processing and presentation two ways
typically, antigens from..such as a...are... endogenous pathogens...virus...processed by the endogenous pathway
in the endogenous pathway,, the...which are then... proteasome degrades the antigen into smaller peptides...transported to the endoplasmic reticulum via tap
tap is transporter associated with antigen processing
in the er, the..and... peptide is attached to amhc class I molecule...delivered to the cell's surface for presentation to a cd8- t cell
exogenous antigens are taken into the...then... into the cells by a phagosome...joined to an mhc class II molecule
once exogenous antigens are joined to an mhc class II molecule, they are taken to the cells surface for presentation to a ch4- (helper) t cell
cell mediated immune responses are t cell responses
cell-mediated immune responses respond to intrcellular pathogens and abnormal body cells
the most common intracellular pathogens are viruses
the cell mediated response is also effective against cancer cells, intraceullular protozoa and intracellular bacteria
effector cells are the cytotoxic t cells (CTLs) expressing cd8
activation of a clone of cytotoxic cd8 t cells involves the...presenting the...to... antigen presenting cells...antigen...naive cytotoxic lymphocytes by linking the antigen to mhc I molecules
mhcI molcules are recognized by cd8 molecules on the surface of cytotoxic t cells
activation of a clone of cytotoxic cd8 t cells happens inside the lymph node
first step of acitvating a clone of cyto cd8 t cells is antigen presentation by a dendritic cell for example
the dc cell has both an mhc I/II receptor (protein)
the mhc II protein on the dc binds to the..of the... epitope..tcr from helper t cells (cd4)
the dc cell secretes...which leads to... il 12...helper t cell differentiation
helper cells differentiate into..that secret... th1 cells...il2
il2 causes the....to... mchI (from dendritic cell) that binded to a cd8 cytotoxic t cell which has il2 receptor..undergo clonal expansion
il 2 are cytokines that allows for clonal expansion
the cytotoxic t cells expand into active cyto t cells and memory t cells
after clonal expansion comes...because.. self stimulation...the new cells produce their own il 2 which stimulates more cells
killing by activated cytotoxic lymphocytes first requires...and then... virus infecting the cell...cell expressing the viral antigens
onces the cell expresses viral antigens the infected cell is..by.. killed...cytotox t cell by activation of nucleause that cleaves host and viral dna
ctls kill using two primary mechanisms
primary mechanisms of ctl killing include perforin0-granzyme cytotoxic pathway and cd95 cytotoxic pathway
the perforin-granzyme cytotoxic pathway involves..which are... perforin and granzyme...proteins
perforin causes pores in the target cell (virally infected host cell)
granzyme does what...by... goes through perforin holes and activates apoptosis ...activating nonspecific protease to shred nucleus)
cd95 cytotoxic pathway has a...so when the...cd95 activates... self destruct button...ligand binds to cd95...self death via apoptosis
cytotoxic lymphs are...so that means you don't serial killers...need as many effectors as targets
step one of serial killing: ctl recognizes and... binds virus infected cell
step two of serial killing: ctl programs...,inducing... target for death...dna fragmentation
step three of serial killing: ctl then migrates to a new target
step four of serial killing: lastly the target cell dies by apoptosis
cell-mediated immune responses can include memory b cells and memory t cells
memory t cells are used in...and some... vaccinations...activated t cells become memory t cells
memory t cells persist for months or years in lymph tissue
memory t cells immediately funcion upon subsequent contacts w/ epitope specific tto its tcr
humoral immune responses are...against.. adaptive responses mounted...exogenous pathogesn
humoral immune responses provide the solulbe component of adaptive immunity (humors)
humoral immune responses happens by activation of b cells which release immunoglobulins (ab)
humoral responses are either t-independent activation of b cells or t-dependent activation of b cells
t independent does not require t cell help
t dependent requires signals provided by th2 cells
t-indepdent antigens are derived from capsules
the binding of a t independent antigen by a b cell is fairly..so... weak...so it doesn't work well in elderly or babies
t independent anrtigens can direclty stimulate the b cells to produce antibody w/o the requirement for t cell help in.
in general,...are t independent antigens polysaccharides
the t independent antigens are characterized by the...and they provides a... same antigenic determinant repeated many times...strong activating signal to specific b cells
activated b cells are known as plasma cells
t dependent signals are...so they require... not strong enough to activate b cells..the recruitment of th2 cells
t dependent antigen presenting cells stimulate cd4 t cell to become an effector th1 or th2 cells
cell mediated immunity is manly cytotoxic t cells, macrophages and nk cells
humoral immunity is mainly b cells
humoral immune responses are fine-tuned in germinal centers of lymphoid tissues
t dependent humoral immune response involves the... bcr on immature b cells specifically binding to antigens
t dependent humoral immune response also involves the...getting...and the antigen is... bcr-antigen complex...internalized...processed for presentation on mhc II
in t depend. hum imm resp, the b cell binds virus through viral coat protein
onces the be cell is bound to virus through viral coat protein, the virus particle is internalized (endocytosis)and degraded
onces the virus particles are endocytized and degraded, the...are.. peptides from internal proteins of the virus...presented to the t cell, which activates the b cell
the b cell is activated via cd40 from the b cell and cd40L from the helper t cell binding and activating the release of cytokines from the helper
activated b cell produces antibody against viral coat protein
clonal selection of b cells is...because of... very specific...th cells
step one of clonal selection: antigen presentation for... th activation and cloning
antigen presentation for th activation and clonig leads to...with the help of... differentiation of th into th2 cells...il4
once th differentiates into th2 the b cell undergoes... into... conal selection also...th2 cells
th2 cells then undergo activation of b cells (either antibodies or bcrs)
the first antibody is almost always igm
majority of cells produced during...become... b cell proliferation..plasma cells (antibodies)
initial plasma cells produce...in... large quantities of antibodies...lymphoid tissues (igm)
due to...individual plasma cells are... high metabolic rate...short lived
other b cell clones in turn...but... replicate in the germinal center...introduce slight changes in ag binding site in bcr
cells with...will..then... improved binding ag ...replicate (affinity maturation)...undergo class switching (to igg) and become plasma cells
the unimproved cells will die
IgG is highly active and specific
affinity maturation is the ability to bind well and have a specific response to produce the right antibody
IgG secreting plasma cells migrate to the bone marrow and are long lived
memory b cellls are derived from germinal center
memory b cells and the establishment of immunological memory is produced by b cell proliferation but do not secrete antibodies
memory b cells have...that triggered... bcrs complementary to the antigenic determinant...their production
memory b cells are long lived cells that persist in the lymphoid tissue
memory b cells initiate antibody production if antigen is encountered again
primary responses start with a...where... lag period...lymph is circulating and finding foreign antigens
around day...what happens...and when does it peak... day three...antibodies begin to produce igm...day 7-8(affinity maturation)
around day 15... igg antibodies (switching)
secondary responses involve memory cells
secondary response antibodies agm with less peak than primary response and igg with much greater peak and sooner peak than primary
innate defenses are...and include.. non specific....first-line defenses, phagocytosis, inflammation and complement system
adaptive immunity is...and includes... specific...humoral immunity (b cells), cell mediated immunity (helper t or cytotoxic t) and antigen processing/presentation
Created by: handrzej
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