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9.14 Quiz 4
Vocab from Schneider Chapters 10-12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Thoracolumbar System | Also known as the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Its preganglionic motor neurons are found in the spinal cord’s lateral horns at all thoracic levels and at the most rostral 2 or 3 lumbar levels. |
| Cranio-Sacral System | Also known as the parasympathetic nervous system. Its preganglionic motor neurons are found in a number of nuclei of the midbrain and hindbrain—each of them small in frontal sections—and in the sacral segments of the spinal cord. |
| Enteric Nervous System | Neurons in the wall of the intestinal tract which are largely autonomous, but are influenced by inputs from the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. |
| Flexure of the CNS | A bend in the developing neural tube. |
| Mesencephalic Flexure (Cephalic Flexure) | Early in development, the rostral end of the neural tube bends towards the ventral side. Or, when seen from the dorsal surface the bend is convex, with the dorsal surface of the midbrain at the top of the bend. |
| Cervical Flexure | Early in development, the caudal end of the neural tube bends towards the ventral side. Or, when seen from the dorsal surface the bend is convex, with the junction region between the hindbrain and the cervical spinal cord at the top of the bend. |
| Pontine Flexure | This 3rd bend appears in the pontine region between the mesencephalic and cervical flexures, but concave. |
| Branchial Arches | A major subset of the visceral arches, these form the gills in fish. In vertebrates various structures of the head and neck develop from these arches, with innervation of the muscles from the hindbrain’s branchial motor column. |
| Rhombomere | A segment of the developing hindbrain. There are 7 of these rhombencephalic segments. |
| Routine Maintenance | The functions of the hindbrain that are largely unconscious, including control of breathing and heart rate, coordination of movements, posture, and maintenance of arousal states of the brain. |
| Neuropil | The tissue in-between neuronal cell bodies, where dendrite and axons connect. |
| Hypoglossal Nucleus | Found in the hindbrain, it is the motor neuronal cell group that controls tongue movements. The axons form cranial nerve XII. |
| Somites | Transient segments of the developing mesoderm which form on either side of the body that give rise to skeletal muscle, tendons and cartilage, endothelial cells (lining the blood vessels) and cells of the dermis. |
| Homeobox (Hox) Genes | Transcription factor genes containing a characteristic series of amino acids—the homeobox. These genes are highly conserved across species from insects to mammals. Their locations on a chromosome correspond to the order they are expressed along the body. |
| Neuromere | A segment of the developing CNS defined by anatomical structures, some of which are transient, and by gene expression patterns. Rhombomeres are examples of neuromeres. |
| Somatic Sensory Columns | Rostro-caudal columns of secondary sensory neurons. In the hindbrain, these columns are designated as special somatic sensory (auditory, vestibular), general somatic sensory (trigeminal), and visceral sensory (including gustatory). |
| Visceral Motor Column | The parasympathetic preganglionic motor neurons of the brainstem. The most rostral group is part of the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain. In the hindbrain, it includes both the salivatory nuclei and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. |
| Somatic Motor Column | The nuclei of the brainstem that contain motor neurons controlling the eye muscles (oculomotor and trochlear nuclei in the midbrain, and the abducens nucleus of the rostral hindbrain) and the motor neurons that control the tongue (hypoglossal nucleus). |
| Visceral Sensory Column | The secondary sensory neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract in the hindbrain. The rostral portion is called the gustatory nucleus; the more caudal portions receive sensory information from the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
| Branchial Motor Column | Nuclei of the hindbrain containing motor neurons that innervate muscles developed from the branchial arches. These include the masticatory nucleus (trigeminal motor nucleus), the facial nucleus, and nucleus ambiguus. |
| Cochlear Nuclei | Secondary sensory neurons receiving inputs through the 8th cranial nerve from the cochlea. The nuclei include the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the anteroventral and posteroventral cochlear nuclei. |
| Trigeminal Nuclei | The secondary sensory neurons that receive input from the face and oral cavity via the three branches of the trigeminal nerve. The brainstem trigeminal nuclei include the main sensory nucleus and the descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. |
| Nucleus Ambiguus | The caudal-most motor nucleus of the branchial motor column. The motor neurons of the ambiguus nucleus innervate muscles of swallowing and vocalization via axons in cranial nerves 9 and 10. Some axons are also part of cranial nerve 11. |
| Trigeminal Lemniscus | Axons of neurons of the hindbrain trigeminal nuclei that decussate and ascend to the thalamus. Many of these axons have some branches that terminate in other structures, especially in the midbrain tectum. |
| Trigeminoreticular Pathway | Axons from the hindbrain trigeminal nuclei that ascend ipsilaterally with terminations in the reticular formation of the hindbrain and midbrain. A minority of the axons terminate in the subthalamus and older parts of the thalamus. |
| Topographic Matching of Inputs in the Midbrain Tectum | The retinal inputs to the midbrain tectum terminate with an orderly topography in the superficial layers. An identical topography exists in the intermediate and deeper levels too, responding to sounds and touch respectively. |
| Expansion of Midbrain | As the adaptive functions of the midbrain for visually elicited escape movements and orienting movements increased in evolution, there was an expansion of the size of the midbrain tectum. |
| Facial Motor Nucleus | A group of hindbrain motor neurons, located in the branchial motor column, with axons that control facial muscles. The axons are in the 7th cranial nerve. |
| Mosaic Evolution | When certain brain structures show evolutionary enlargements in a group of animals disproportionately when compared to the enlargement of the entire brain. |
| Concerted Evolution | When evolutionary enlargements of brain structures in a group of animals are similar to the enlargement of the entire brain. |
| Neuroblast | An embryonic neuron, not yet differentiating into an adult form. |
| Rhombic Lip | Transient embryonic structure of the alar plate in the rostral hindbrain. It contains proliferating cells many of which migrate into the roof plate to form the cerebellum. Others migrate ventrally into basal plate regions to form structures like the pons. |
| Deep Nuclei of Cerebellum | The output structures of the cerebellum, located below the cerebellar cortex within the cerebellar white matter. There are 3-4 deep nuclei on each side. |
| Motivational States | Brain states controlled by limbic system structures, especially the hypothalamus. |
| Pineal Eye | Photoreceptor cells located in a structure on top of the head in many reptiles, amphibians, and fish. These cells connect to the pineal gland and influence melatonin secretion. |
| Object Identity | Sensory characteristics that distinguish any material object including a living organism, so it is considered as a single entity. |
| Ventral Striatum | The ventral parts of the corpus striatum, , the major subcortical structure of the endbrain. The structures of the ventral striatum are strongly connected to limbic forebrain structures and to the hypothalamus. |
| Amygdala | A structure of the limbic endbrain located in the temporal part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is mostly a subcortical structure but it has a cortical nucleus that reaches the surface of the brain and receives projections from the olfactory bulb. |
| Hypothalamic Locomotor Area (HLA) | A region of the caudal hypothalamus whose activation results in locomotion. It has strong connections to the MLA, and receives inputs from the ventral striatum, other limbic endbrain structures, and other parts of the hypothalamus. |
| Midbrain Locomotor Area (MLA) | A region of the caudolateral midbrain below the inferior colliculus. Activation causes locomotor movements. It receives inputs from the striatm, hypothalamus, the superior colliculus, and also from the subthalamus and substantia nigra. |
| Central Gray Area | The area surrounding the Aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain. Influences motivational states, especially fear and aversion, but regions of the central gray can also initiate aggression and predatory attack, or sexual behavior. |
| Periaqueductal Gray Area | Also known as the Central Gray Area, stimulation of the CGA can cause feelings of pain and extreme discomfort, but stimulation of certain parts of it can also cause reduction of pain and tension. |
| Ventral Tegmental Area | A region near the midline of the ventral midbrain, located between the left and right substantia nigra. It is a limbic area strongly connected with the hypothalamus, and an important source of dopamine-containing axons. |
| Spinal Enlargements | The thicker regions of the spinal cord located in the cervical region and in the lumbar regions. The larger cord in these two regions is due to the larger number of neurons present, a result of innervation of the limbs. |
| Limbic Midbrain Structures | The central gray area (periaqueductal gray) and the ventral tegmental area. These structures are closely connected with the hypothalamus. They also receive inputs from limbic endbrain structues. |
| Substantia Nigra (SN) | The SN is located in the ventral midbrain just dorsal to the cerebral peduncle. It is the major source of dopamine-containing axons projecting to the dorsal striatum, and it receives direct inhibitory input from the striatum. |
| Habenular Nuclei | Cell groups of the epithalamus, they are connected with the pineal gland, and project to the interpeduncular nuclei and other midline cell groups, thereby modulating movement and brain states. |
| Intralaminar Nuclei & Midline Nuclei | The intralaminar and midline nuclei constitute the more ancient thalamic cell groups. These nuclei have reciprocal connections with the midbrain reticular formation, and they project widely to the corpus striatum and to the neocortex. |
| Lateral Ganglionic Eminence | A prominent portion of the ventricular and subventricular layers (containing mitotic cells) in the mammalian embryo, found in the location of the future corpus striatum. |
| Medial Ganglionic Eminence | A prominent portion of the ventricular and subventricular layers (containing mitotic cells) in the mammalian embryo, found in the location of the future globus pallidus. |
| Lateral Ventricular Angle Region | Region of mitotic cells found in the subpallial region just lateral to the lateral ganglionic eminence. Some migrating neurons from this region reach the adjoining neocortex, while others migrate to the amygdala. |
| Septum | The septal nuclei of the endbrain are in the septum that separates the lateral ventricles from the interventricular foramen. They can be considered part of the basal forebrain, projecting to the hippocampus, ventral striam, hypothalamus and epithalamus. |
| Dorsal Ventricular Ridge (DVR) | The neurons of the DVR have connections that are similar to connections of parts of the mammalian neocortex. The DVR receives unimodal sensory inputs from thalamic nuclei that receive projections from midbrain tectal areas. |
| Tectum | A tectum is a structure that forms a “roof” over the ventricle, at least in the embryo. Used alone, the word usually refers to the optic tectum of the midbrain, or superior colliculus in mammals. |
| Tegmentum | Structures of the midbrain located below the tectum (superior colliculus), forming the floor of the midbrain above the cerebral peduncles. |
| Globus Pallidus | Subcortical endbrain structure that receives intput from the dorsal striatum. Globus pallidus neurons project to the ventral-anterior and ventral-lateral nuclei of the thalamus, subthalamus, and to the midbrain locomotor area. |
| Ventral Pallidum | The ventral pallidal neurons are in the substantia innominate (between amygdala and hypothalamus) and in the preoptic area. This area contains the output structures of the ventral striatum, like the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. |
| Ventral Striatum | The subcortical structure including the olfactory tubercle and the nucleus accumbens. These structures are part of the limbic system, receiving strong projections from limbic endbrain structures like the hippocampus and the amygdala. |
| Olfactory Tubercle | The ventral-most part of the ventral striatum, reaching the ventral surface of the basal forebrain. Its surface layers receive input from the olfactory bulb. |
| Nucleus Accumbens | In mammals, the nucleus accumbens is the largest part of the ventral striatum, with major inputs from other limbic system structures including the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Known to be important in control of mood and emotion. |
| Medial Forebrain Bundle | The group of axons that carries outputs of the limbic endbrain structures to the hypothalamus and limbic midbrain areas. Ascending axons also follow this bundle. |
| Lateral Forebrain Bundle | The group of axons that carries outputs of the neocortex and corpus striatum to ‘tweenbrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord. The bundle of axons is given different names at different levels of the neuraxis. |
| Internal Capsule | Axons to and from neocortex as they course through the corpus striatum. |
| Ventral Pallium | The embryonic ventral pallium forms various olfactory structures of ventral and medial portions of the cerebral hemisphere, from olfactory bulb rostrally to portions of the amygdala caudally, but not olfactory cortex. |
| Dorsal Pallium | The dorsal pallium of non-mammalian vertebrates forms what is called the dorsal cortex of reptiles. It is similar in connections to parahippocampal areas in mammals, but in mammals, much of it has evolved into the neocortex. |
| Lateral Pallium | The embryonic lateral pallium forms the olfactory cortex. |
| Medial Pallium | The medial pallium of the vertebrate embryo develops into the hippocampus or hippocampal homologues. |
| Sauropsids | Sub-class of animals which includes birds and reptiles. |
| Isodendritic | Iso means 'same'. The dendritic pattern of brainstem reticular formation neurons is isodendritic, with few dendrites per neuron, all similar to each other. The reticular formation neurons receive very diverse inputs. |
| Idiodendritic | Having distinct dendrites that are different in different brain structures. Such neurons are specialized in their functions, e.g., processing information for a particular sensory modality. |
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9.14
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