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Structures of Brain
Structures of the Brain and their Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the Cells of the Brain Called? | Neurons |
| The "Cell Body" of a Neuron contains branches called? | Dendrites |
| What does Dendrites in Greek mean? | Trees |
| What are the long processes, that reach out to other neurons, called? | Axons |
| What is the general name of the chemicals that are released from the axon called? | Neurotransmitters |
| What is the space between neurons called? | Synapses |
| What do the Neurotransmitters attach to on the other neuron called? | Receptors |
| What do the Neurotransmitters do? | Transmit Information to the adjacent cells |
| What serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine? | Neurochemicals called neurotransmitters |
| What site takes back the neurotransmitter from the synapse called? | Reuptake |
| What do the medication Prozac or Paxil do to the reuptake sites? | Block the serotonin from being reuptaked |
| What is the name of the classification that Prozac and Paxil fall into? | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs |
| Where are most of the cell bodies that contain norepinephrine located? | Locus Coeruleus |
| Reduced levels of serotonin are felt to be involved in the development of what symptom and/or diagnosis? | Depression |
| Chronic stress in animals results in a reduction of what neurotransmitter in the frontal cortex? | Serotonin |
| What type of chemical forms an interface between the brain and the body? | Hormones |
| What is the positive affect of cortisol being released into the blood stream? | The shunting of energy away from the gut's digestive processes and reproduction and towrd the brain and the muscles, which allow quick thinking and fast moving. |
| What type of chemical is cortisol? | Hormone |
| What is the positive affect of epinephrine being released into the blood stream? | Acceleration of heart rate and blood pressure this increases delivery of blood flow. |
| Where is epinephrine released from? | adrenal gland |
| What are the two parts of the brain that have been proven to grow new neurons? | The hippocampus and possibly the prefrontal cortex |
| Where are most of the cell bodies of neurons located in the brain? | In the Gray Matter |
| Where is the gray matter of the brain located? | on the brain's outer rim |
| What are the sheaths of the axons called? | Myelin |
| Where do the axons of the neurons run through in the brain? | The white matter |
| What is the white matter? | It is the sheaths of the axons and the sheaths are white. |
| What is the outer gray matter portion of the brain called? | The Cerebral Cortex |
| Where is the occipital cortex located in the brain? | In the back |
| Where is the motor cortex located in the brain? | On the top |
| What is the occipital cortex function? | Responsible for vision |
| What is the motor cortex function? | Responsible for movement |
| What is the center of the brain called? | The subcortical |
| Why is the center of the brain called the subcortical? | Because it is under the cortex of the brain |
| What are the names of the primitive brain structures of the subcortical? | Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortexes, and cingulate |
| What is the name of the primitive part of the brain that is involved in smell and where is it located? | The orbitofrontal cortex and it's located just over the eyes |
| What is the last feats of evolution, in the development of the brain, which distinguishes us from monkeys? | The prefrontal cortex |
| Where is the prefrontal cortex located in the brain? | It sits in the front of the head |
| What part of the brain is responsible for higher cognitive processes? | The prefrontal cortex |
| What primitive structure of the brain is critical for learning and memory? | The Hippocampus |
| What happened to patient H. M.? | He had a stroke that specifically involved both hippocampuses. After this he could not learn anything new. However he could interact normally in social ways and remember events that happened before the accident. |
| What is the process called, that the hippocampus preforms, that strengthens and formulates memories? | consolidation |
| What part of the brain places the individual in the context of space and time; it tells us where we are and what is happening in relationship to the future and the past, relating present information to other memories and experiences? | The Hippocampus |
| What is the definition according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders of dissociation? | The breakdown in memory, consciousness, or identity |
| What is the most extreme form of dissociation? | dissociative identity disorder |
| What is dissociative identity disorder | There is a breakdown in the patients sense of identity, so that the patient will attribute different identities to different fragmented aspects of their selves and their memories and experiences. |
| What causes patients to present with the most pronounced symptoms of dissociation? | The greatest decreases in volume of the hippocampus |
| What is the name of the almond-shaped structure that sits right at the front of the hippocampus? | The Amygdala |
| What structure is involved in fear and emotional responses? | The Amygdala |
| What is fear conditioning? | conditioning an animal that when it is exposed to a particular anything that the animal will receive pain. electric shock paired with a bright light. after awhile of being shocked the animal will become fearful of the light. |
| What is the conditioning to diminish the fear in fear conditioning called? | Extinction of conditioned fear |
| What structure in the brain controls the flight or fight response? | Amygdala |
| The amygdala has important connections to the body through what structure of the brain? | Hypothalamus |
| Where does the orbitofrontal cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex sit in the brain? | Just over the eyes |
| What does the orbitofrontal cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex regulate in the body? | Human emotion and social behavior |
| How do people with a frontal lobotomies act? | They have flat and dull behavior, did not interact socially with others, and had a blunting of the normal range of human emotion |
| What happened to the famous case of Phineas Gage? | He was in an accident that caused a railrad spike to enter and rip through his orbitofrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex |
| What part of the brain regulates our sense of what is right and wrong or what is socially appropriate? | The orbitofrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex |
| studies done by Damasio and colleagues found that patients who had damage to the orbitofrontal cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex from early childhood were more likely to grow up to do what? | Break the law or engage in other antisocial behaviors. |
| What part of the brain connects the left and right sides of the brain? | The corpus callosum |
| How does the cingulate part of the brain get its name? | From its ringlike appearance |
| Where does the cigulate sit in the brain? | Just above the corpus callosum and extends from the front to the back of the brain |
| What are the two parts of the cigulate? | The front part or anterior cingulate and the back part or posterior cingulate |
| What is the anterior cingulate involved in? | Concentration and inhibition of responses, and planning and executing of behavior. Also recent studies show that it is also invovled with normal emotion. |
| What is the posterior cingulate involved in? | Processing information in space and time. |
| Where are the hypothalamus and the thalamus located? | they sit at the center of the brain. |
| What does the thalamus do? | It is the central relay point where information from the senses comes in and is distributed to different parts of the brain. It's like a good secretary screening what is and is not important for the boss to see. |
| What does the hypothalamus do? | it is the door from the brain to the body. It is here that neurons interface with neuropeptides that travel to the pituitary gland, stimulating release of hormones throughtout the body. these hormones ragulate growth, appetite, body temp,and metabolism |
Created by:
Seanmorrone
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