Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Genes & DNA & RNA
Freshman Honors Biology - The Human Genome BioTechnology Protein Synthesis & RNA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| RNA | ribonucleic acid; a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| transcription | the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of DNA as a template |
| translation | the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains |
| protein synthesis | the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA |
| ribose | a 5-carbon sugar present in RNA |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template |
| termination signal | a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene |
| genetic code | the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| codon | in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifiesa start signal or a stop signal |
| anticodon | a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA |
| genome | the complete genetic material contained in an individual |
| euchromatin | a region of DNA that is uncoiled and undergoing active transcription into RNA |
| intron | a segment of a strucural gene that is transcribed but not translated |
| exon | in a structural gene, one of the segments that are ultimately transcribed and translated when the gene is expressed |
| pre-mRNA | a precursor mRNA; the first strand of mRNA produced by gene transcription that contains both introns and exons |
| transcription factors | regulatory proteins that bind to DNA and stimulate the transcription of certain genes |
| enhancers | DNA sequences that recognize certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes |
| length polymorphisms | variations in the length of the DNA molecule between known genes |
| variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) | sequences of DNA that repeat many times in tandem |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | a scientific technique that quickly produces copies of a DNA fragment |
| primers | artificially made pieces of single-stranded DNA that are 20 to 30 nucleotides long that must be present for DNA polymerase to initiate replication |
| restriction enzymes | bacterial proteins that recognize specific short DNA sequences, and cu the DNA in or near the sequence |
| gel electrophoresis | technique that separates nucleic acids or proteins according to their size and charge |
| DNA fingerprint | the pattern of bands that results when an individual's DNA sample is radiolabeled and exposed to X rays after being fragmented, replicated, and separated |
| genetic engineering | a technology in which the genome of a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use |
| recombinant DNA | DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources |
| plasmid | a circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome |
| clone | an exact copy of a DNA segment, a whole cell, or a complete organism |
| vector | DNAs that can replicate within a cell and carry foreign DNA |
| probe | strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA that is labeled with a radioactive element or fluorescent dye and that can base-pair to specific DNA, such as the donor gene in recombinant DNA |
| Human Genome Project | research effort undertaken to sequence all of our DNA and locate within it all of the functionally important sequences, such as genes |
| proteome | an organism's complete set of proteins |
| single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) | unique spots where individuals differ by a single nucleotide |
| bioinformatics | a combination of biological science, computer science, and information technology used to enable the discovery of new biological insights and unifying principles |
| proteomics | study of all of an organism's proteins, including their identities, structures, interactions, and abundances |
| two-dimensional gel electrophoresis | a method that separates the proteins in a sample into individual spots |
| gene therapy | a technique in which a genetic disorder is treated by introducing a gene into a patient's cells |
| cloning by nuclear transfer | procedure in which a nucleus from a body cell is introduced into an egg cell to generate an organism identical to the nucleus donor |
| telomeres | repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each round of cell division |
| DNA vaccine | a vaccine made from the DNA of a pathogen but does not have disease-causing capability |
| bioethics | the study of ethical issues related to DNA technology |
Created by:
xox.saras.xox
Popular Biology sets