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Bio 100 exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| scientific method | Observation Many ways to make observations Leads to a question Why? Example: Large fish die-offs |
| First step | What is an hypothesis? An educated guess Addresses the question which came from the observation Example: Question: Why fish were dying? Hypothesis: A tiny protist, Pfiesteria, was killing the fish |
| Second step | Predictions:Based on the hypothesis Can be tested Example—two testable predictions Pfiesteria would be found in larger numbers during the die-offs Pfiesteria would be capable of killing healthy fish |
| third step | Experiment: Designed to test the predictions Good predictions lead to good experiments Results Either support or refute hypothesis Example—results from testing Protist was found where fish were dying Protist quickly killed the fish in the laboratory |
| Variable | A characteristic or event that differs among individuals |
| Experiment | Experiments simplify interpretations of complex biological systems by focusing on the effect of one variable at a time ~A test to support or falsify a prediction |
| Experimental group | A group of objects or individuals that display or are exposed to a variable under investigation |
| Control group | A group of objects or individuals that is identical to an experimental group except for one variable |
| Limits to the Scientific Method | Useful for studying the natural world Confounding factors Probability Scientific analysis cannot: Make moral judgments Although information leading to those judgments may be based on scientific information Prove or disprove faith-based beliefs |
| Prokaryotes | Single celled organisms in which DNA is not contained in a nucleus |
| Bacterium | A member of the prokaryotic domain Bacteria |
| Archaeans | A member of the prokaryotic domain Archaea |
| Eukaryotes | Organisms whose cells typically have a nucleus |
| Fungus | Eukaryotic consumer that obtains nutrients by digestion and absorption outside the body |
| Protists | Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi |
| Plant | Typically a multicellular, photosynthetic producer |
| Animal | Multicellular consumer that develops through a series of embryonic stages and moves about during all or part of the life cycle |
| Atoms are composed of 3 subatomic particles | are composed of 3 subatomic particles Electrons – negatively charged Protons – positively charged Neutrons – no charge (neutral) |
| Protons & neutrons are contained in the nucleus | contained in the nucleus. Electrons orbit the nucleus. |
| ion | Gain or loss of an electron |
| Isotopes: | different numbers of neutrons |
| Unstable isotopes: | Radioisotopes |
| Goal of atom | is to have 8 electrons in outermost shell (valence ). Accomplished through: Transfer of electrons ionic bonds Sharing of electrons covalent bonds |
| Covalent Bonds | Electrons are held in shells. Atoms are stable when its shells are filled. Atoms share electrons to fill these shells. |
| Noncovalent Bonds | Link molecules together (intermolecular) ~Much more prevalent |
| Hydrogen bonds: | Attraction between partial charges Hold biological molecules together Weaker than covalent bonds |
| Metabolism | All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules |
| Condensation | (water forms) Process by which an enzyme builds large molecules from smaller subunits |
| Hydrolysis | (water is used) Process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxyl to one part and a hydrogen atom to the other |
| Organic | Type of molecule that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of nucleic acids Has a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and phosphate groups |
| Nucleic acids | Polymers of nucleotide monomers joined by sugar-phosphate bonds (include DNA, RNA, coenzymes, energy carriers, messengers) |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Nucleic acid that carries hereditary material Two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Typically single-stranded nucleic acid Functions in protein synthesis |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, five-carbon ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups Functions as an energy carrier |
| Protein | Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids |
| Amino acid | Small organic compound with a carboxyl group, amine group, and a characteristic side group (R) |
| Peptide bond | A bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another |
| Polypeptide | Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Denature | To unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule |
| Prion | A misfolded protein that becomes infectious Example: mad cow disease (BSE) in cattle Example: vCJD in humans |
| Lipids | Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compounds |
| Fatty acid | Consists of a long chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end |
| Fat | Lipid with one, two, or three fatty acid tails |
| Triglyceride | Lipid with three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone |
| Saturated fat | Fatty acid with no double bonds in its carbon tail Solid at room temperature (margarine) |
| Unsaturated fat | Lipid with one or more double bonds in a fatty acid tail Liquid at room temp (olive oil) |
| Phospholipid | A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails |
| Water-repellent lipid with long fatty-acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings | |
| Plasma membrane | A cell’s outermost membrane |
| Lipid bilayer | Structural foundation of cell membranes; mainly phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail in a bilayer |
| Fluid mosaic model | A cell membrane can be considered a two-dimensional fluid of mixed composition |
| Transport proteins | passively or actively assist specific ions or molecules across a membrane |
| Enzymes | speed chemical processes |
| Adhesion proteins | help cells stick together |
| Recognition proteins | tag cells as “self” |
| Receptor proteins | |
| Cytoplasm | Semi-fluid substance enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane |
| Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell | |
| Semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells Consists of peptides and polysaccharides (in bacteria) or proteins (in archaeans) | |
| Organelle of protein synthesis | |
| Long, slender cellular structure used for mobility | |
| A protein filament used to help cells cling to or move across surfaces, or for plasmid transfer | |
| Community of different types of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime | |
| DNA contained in nucleus Membrane bound organelles Internal compartments for special functions | |
| Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell’s DNA | |
| Region of cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated in a prokaryotic cell | |
| A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus | |
| Dynamic network of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures | |
| Cytoskeletal elements involved in movement Hollow filaments of tubulin subunits | |
| Reinforcing cytoskeletal elements Fibers of actin subunits | |
| Elements that lock cells and tissues together | |
| Eukaryotic flagella | are whiplike structures that propel cells such as sperm through fluid Different internal structure and motion than prokaryotic flagella |
| Short, hairlike structures that project from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells Coordinated beating stirs fluid, propels motile cells Moved by organized arrays of microtubules Example: clears particles from airways | |
| Extendable lobe of membrane-enclosed cytoplasm for movement or to engulf prey Moved by motor proteins attached to microfilaments that drag the plasma membrane Example: amoebas | |
| Process of chemical change | |
| Molecule that enters a reaction | |
| Product | A molecule remaining at the end of a reaction |
| Cellular respiration | |
| Photosynthesis | |
| activation energy | Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction |
| enzyme | Protein or RNA that speeds a reaction without being changed by it |
| substrate | A reactant molecule that is specifically acted upon by an enzyme |
| cofactor | A metal ion or a coenzyme that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function |
| coenzyme | ~An organic cofactor ~Unlike enzymes, may be modified by a reaction |
| ATP: Main energy carrier between reaction sites in cells | |
| Metabolic pathway Series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule | |
| Feedback inhibition Mechanism by which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity | |
| A region of an enzyme, other than the active site, that can bind regulatory molecules | |
| Electron transfer chain An array of membrane-bound enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence | |
| Selective permeability Membrane property that allows some substances, but not others, to cross | |
| Concentration The number of molecules or ions per unit volume of a fluid | |
| Concentration gradient Difference in concentration of a substance between adjoining regions of fluid | |
| Diffusion Net movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration | |
| Osmosis Net diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane between two fluids with different water concentrations | |
| Hypotonic: Low solute concentration relative to another fluid | |
| Hypertonic: High solute concentration relative to another fluid | |
| Isotonic: Same solute concentration relative to another fluid | |
| Passive transport: down hill in energy Movement from high concentration to low. Concentration gradient drives a solute across a cell membrane through a transport protein Requires no energy input | |
| Active transport requires added energy Movement from low concentration to high. A transport protein use energy, usually from ATP, to pump a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient | |
| EndocytosisProcess by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by a ballooning inward of its cellular membrane | |
| Exocytosis Process by which a cell expels a vesicle’s contents to extracellular fluid by merging the vesicle with the plasma membrane | |
| Phagocytosis (“cell eating”) Endocytic pathway by which cells such as macrophages and other white blood cells engulf particles such as microbes or cellular debris Amoebas also are phagocytic cells | |
| Light-dependent reactions | |
| Chloroplast Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and some protists | |
| Thylakoid membrane Chloroplast’s highly folded inner membrane system. Forms a continuous compartment in the stroma | |
| Light-independent reactions (“synthesis”) ATP and NADPH drive synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates from water and CO2 Occurs in the stroma | |
| Stroma Semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast | |
| Carbon fixation Process by which carbon from an inorganic source such as CO2 becomes incorporated into an organic molecule | |
| Aerobic respiration Aerobic pathway that breaks down carbohydrates to produce ATP Pathway finishes in mitochondria | |
| Lactate fermentation Anaerobic pathway that converts pyruvate to lactate and produces ATP Examples: cheese, pickles |
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