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Homeostasis UIC 1-2
Flashcards for things I found important for plant homeostasis at uic
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | an internal regulation of complex systems Ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain optimal internal operating equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes |
| Ex of homeostasis in real life | Blood or urine samples= how you get rid of liquid waste and clean the body |
| Mamilian Organization a | cell, tissue, organ, organ sys, organism Mammals regulate internal environment to keep their shit straight |
| Figure 1.2 The study of physiology integrates knowledge at all levels of organization( 3 Parts) | MOrphology, biomechanics, biochemistry |
| Morphology a | Shape of a part of an organism (ex shape of fish for swimming |
| Biomechanics a | Look at physical movements, how structures function to get ideal movements ex: salmon movement in water |
| Biochemistry a | enzymes in the muscle cells catalyze reactions that provide energy for contraction Ex: make atp release co2 |
| ecology a | physiology acts within an ecologyical context ex: salmon go from saltwater to freshwater and have to be built to do this |
| Plant systems 3 only | Dermal, pes of cellsground, vascular |
| Dermal Plant tissue | Epidermis- |
| Epidermis plant types of cells | epidermal cells, guard cells, gland cells, hair cells |
| Ground tissues plant | ground tissue, sclerenchyuma,collenchyma |
| ground tissue plant cell types | parenchyma cells |
| sclerenchyma plant cell types | fibers sclerids |
| collenchyma plant cell types | collenchyma cllls |
| Vasculir system tissues plant | xylem tissue, phloem tissue |
| xylem tissue cells p | tracheary elements (vessel elements and tracheids), fiber cells, parenchyma cells |
| phloem tissue cells p | sieve tube elements( members), companion cells, fiber cells, parenchyma cells |
| sessile p | stationary, cant runaway but can use chemical warfare for defense |
| water p | plants are filled with water- it directs all activities andplays the major role in homeostasis in plants |
| diffs in plant cells from animal cells | -cell wall -vacuole-storage of h20 and toxins -plastids- in leaves=chloroplasts -have diff plasma membrane constituents--proteins and lipids bc of temp -make own food -change composition of pm |
| internal environment p | invironment of the cells |
| tissue fluid p/ a | surrounds cells, constantly renewed by exchanges with blood( transport system) |
| lymphatic system a | blood and tissue fluids |
| cleaning organs a | kidney, digestive, cardiovascular system, respiratory |
| homeostassis | maintenance of relatively constant conditions of the internal environment -internal environment stays the same in animals- plants can vary a bit -all systems contribute to homeost asis |
| P homeostasis unique | higher plants also maintain particular levels -external environment range from 120-0 F but plants must operate an internal environment in much more narrow range -not as specific for temp as in animals ph is highly selective |
| homeostasis Humans | blood volume by cardiovascular system regulated and by urinary all internal conditoins monitored by nervous sytem |
| homeostatic mechanisms in animals | ensure that internal environment is stabele even when external varies |
| animal internal temp | may be permitted to vary or may stay the same |
| animal internal temp ex: | salmon enters a river and blood temp may change and body temp -but bloood cl concentration remains constant even though very diff in diff environments |
| heat acclimation in humans measured | by exercise acclimation- getting used to |
| acute response | when first exposed there was low endurance at high temp, |
| chronic response | after week of experience with hot environment ppl get used to and can do it |
| negative feedback | primary mechanism of homeostatic control 2 components: -sensor and control center |
| sensor | detects change in internal environment or stimuli |
| control center | triggers the response to restore the necessary balance ie. homeostasis |
| ex: for negative feedback | pancreas detects blood sugar too high, secrets insulin that tells cells to take up glucose, blood sugar levels normal |
| Ex: negative feedback | Thermostat- Hypothalamus-can initiate increase or decrease when it drops below 98.6- hypothalamus constricts blood vessels within skina nad sweat glands stop -skeletal muscles contract-shiver -conservation and generation of heat -if too high-skin bloo |
| Phospholipid molecule | polar head non polar tail -freely diffuse within membrane of leaflets |
| unsaturated | double bonds- produce bends- more fluid |
| degree of unsaturation fish | varies with habitat temperature -increasing unsaturation allows flexibility in clold ex: antarctic species more unsaturation than tropical |
| sterols | mildly amphipathic, regulate membrane fluidity, reduce fluidity at body temp but reduce solidification at lower temps |
| what puffer adder venom does | contains phospholipase enzyme that breaks down skeletal muscle membranes |
| homeoviscus property | sterols: when body temp is norm, add stiffness when low add to fluidity |
| cytoskeleton filaments | interact with membrane |
| 5 functional types of integral membrane proteins | channels, transporters, structural proteins, receptors, enzymes |
| transporters | channels and transporters allow molecules to cross membrane channels- permit diffusion of solutes across membrane transporters allow non-covalently bound ions across the membrane via active transport or facilitated diffusion |
| anchors | bind other proteins to anchor them at functionally important ites (ex synapses, cell junctions) |
| receptors | bind signalling molecules non-covalently initiating changes leadingto signal transduction( ion permeability, metabolic events) |
| enzymes | catalyze chemical rxns in covalent bonds are made. broken |
| primary structure of proteins | made of amino acids linked by strong covalent bonds |
| secondary and tertiary structure of proteins | rely on weaker noncovalent bonds and are therefore somewhat flexable |
| quaternary | some proteins act as subunits binding other subunits to provide this structure |
| membrane proteins often have repeated structural domains (t/F) | true |
| representations of proteins | simplifiedd 3d structure, stylized version of chemical structure, semirealistic symbol, schematic symbol, stylized version of chemical structure |
| body organs and tissues are bound or separated by specialized sheets of epithelial cells | true |
| apical region of epithilium | mucosal surface facing away from underlying tissue |
| basal region of epithilium | serosal surface, attachment to underlying tissue |
| basement membrane of epithilium | non-living tissue composed of glycoproteins and collagen secreted mainly by the epithelial cells but also underlying tissue |
| simple epithelia foundin | blood vesssels, sweat glands, intestines kidney tubules |
| intestinal epithelium: | same as symple but absorptive -digestive cells with microvilli in apical region- excrete food into the blood cappilary |
| tubules and follicles | |
| blood vessels | composed of lfat epithelial cells supported by surrounding basement membrane |
| metalloproteases | enzymes that break down the basement membranes surrounding blood capillaries causing hemorrhaging- puffer adder venom |
| types of junctions between cells | tight junction, septate junction, desmosome, gap junction |
| tight junction | like septate junction exept in vertebrates, -demarcate spical and basolateral region of cell and encircle the cell- keep tight |
| septate juncitons | same as tight jcts exept in invertebrates |
| desmosome | spot welds- cytoskeletal continuation |
| gap junctions | cytoplasmic continuity |
| apical/basolateral | separated by junctions |
| tight junctions | prevent proteins and phospholipids from the apical and basal surfaces from mixing--control movement of substances |
| epithilium | sheet of cells that lines a cavity or covers an organ or body surface forming a dynamic boundary |
| epithilium rests on | nonliving basement membrane |
| microvilli | enhanse surface areas |
| paracellular | between cells/ material passes |
| transcellular | through cells/ material passes |
| energy metabolism | processes by which energy is acquired, transformed, channeled into useful functions such as jumping and dissipated |
| energy metabolism | series of 30 biochemical reactions in the cell that produce atp |
| enzyme | acomplez protein that is produced by cells and acts to speed up a specific biochemical reaction |
| enzyme kinetics | study of the rate of rxn using enzymes |
| aerobic metabolism | 1 glucose can produce 38 atp, O2 is ultimate electron acceptor |
| NAD | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- limited supply regenerated by passing e- to O2 to make H2O |
| Why do frogs jump away faster than todes? | Jumping speed relies on ATP supply- muscle contratctions are ATP-dependent -Aerobic production of ATP is dependent on rate of o2 supply which due to simple lungs tends to be lmited in frogs and toads |
| NAD can bbe regenerated anaerobically by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase | |
| Rxn catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase | pyruvic acid--+2H(from NADH2)--> lactic acid |
| Why do frogs jump faster ultimately? | frogs but not toads are well-endowed with lactate dehydrogenase- allowing them to produce ATP at a faster rate and therefore jump away faster. |
| enzymes accelerate chemical rxns | w.o being changed themselves |
| vmax | maximal reaction rate in whihcc all enzyme active sites are occupied |
| the velocity of reaction | reflects the amount of substrate converted to product per unit of time |
| when enzyme has one binding sight or multiple indp ones | hyperbolic kinetics |
| when an enzyme has multiple binding sites | sigmoidal kinetics |
| how do enzymes aid in catalytic process | bind substrates lower activation energy directly promote catalytic event but conformational change release products |
| two props that determine vmax | number of enzyme molecules (E) and catalytic efficiency(Kcat) |
| when enzyme concentration increases | vmax increases |
| catalytic constant of an enzyme | how fast they do things |
| Km | function of enzyme-substrate affinity |
| the lower the Km | the higher the enzyme affinity for substrate |
| vmax (Michaelis Menton eq) | v=(vmax*s)/(s+Km) |
| Km | hihg km means strength of binding between e and s is low |
| kcat | high kcat means high speed of catalysis |
| vmax | high vmax means high rate of catalysis |
| molecular flezibility | is important for enzyme function -bc conformation change required to catalyze |
| what alters enzyme kinetics | physicochemical environment temp, ph, salt, hydrostatic pressure |
| LDH | in animals of different climatic regions exhibit conservation of Km |
| Several genes loci give rise to multiple isozymes | i |
| isozymes | enzymes with the same function |
| isoenzymes do what | show tissue specificity -have different catalytic and enzyme properties -differences in isoenzymes often meet specific requirements of tissues and organisms |
| thornyhead rockfish ex | 2 types one lives in 1500M other in500M different LDH-A4's -deeper =high affinity for its substrate -shallower=loses substrate affinity as pressure goes up |
| enzyme inhibitors | aspirin, penicillin, methotrezate, AZT, ritonavir, viagra |
| competitive inhibitor | binds to active site of free enzyme, competing with substrate |
| non-competitive inhibitor | bind equally well to free E or ES complexes at non active sites, reduce Vmax bud dont affect substrate binding affinity Km |
| uncompetitive inhibitor | bind exclusively to ES complexes, away from active site, reduce both Vmax and Km |
| allostery | small molecule acts as effector or regulator to activate or inactivate and action of a protein, the protein is said to be under allosteric control |
| allosteric modulation | depends on levels of modulator -if more then more association |
| multiple enzymes participate in reaction pathways | |
| allosteric enzymes often have multiple allosteric regulators. | they conserve glucose levels when citrate builds up but ensure increased ATP production as AMP builds-up |
Created by:
ddrag
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