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Bioch242526
vocb
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an organism that has a prokaryotic cell; an informal term for an organism in either domain Bacteria or domain Archaea | Prokaryotes |
| - an abiotic precursor of a living cell that had a membrane like structure and that maintained an internal chemistry different for that of its surroundings | Protocells |
| - an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing | Ribozymes |
| - a type of polymer in bacterial cells walls consisting of modified sugars cross linked by short polypeptides | Peptidoglycan |
| describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria. Gram positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram negative bacteria | Gram-positive |
| describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complx and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of GP bacteria. More toxic than GP bacteria | Gram-negative |
| in many prokaryotes a dense and well defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells | Capsule |
| a thick coated resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions | Endospores |
| a short hair like appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substance or to other cells | Fimbriae |
| in bacteria a structure that links one cell to another at tege start of conjugation; also known as a sex pilus or conjugation pilus | Pili |
| an oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus | Taxis |
| a non-membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosomes are located | Nucleoid |
| a small circular double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning can be used as a vector carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs of DNA | Plasmids |
| a catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules othen than oxygen accept electrons at the downhill end of electron transport chains | Anaerobic Respiration |
| - the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia; biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants | Nitrogen Fixation |
| a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria; also called a heterocyte | Heterocysts |
| a surface coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation | Biofilms |
| a change in genotype and phenotype dut to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell; when the external DNA is from a member of different species transformation results in horizontal gene transfer | Transformation |
| a process in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from on bacterial cell to another; when these two cells are members of different species transduction results in horizontal gene transfer | Transduction |
| - in prokaryotes the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. When the two cells are members of different species conjugation results in horizontal gene transfer. In ciliates a sexual process in which two cells exchange haploi | Conjugation |
| in bacteria the DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for th transfer of DNA from donor to recipient; may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome | F factor |
| the plasmid form of the F factor | F plasmid |
| a bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics | R plasmids |
| one of the two prokaryotic domains the other being bacteria | Archaea |
| an organism that lives in environmental conditions so extreme that few other species can survive there | Extremophiles |
| an organism that live in a highly saline environment such as the Great Salt Lake | Extreme halophiles |
| an organism that thrives in hot environments (60 – 80 C) | Extreme thermophiles |
| an organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way it obtains energy; all known methanogens are in domain Archaea | Methanogens |
| an organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material and the wastes of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms; a detritivore | Decomposers |
| Symbiosis | an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact |
| the larger participant in a symbiotic relationship often providing a home and food source for the smaller symbiont | Host |
| the smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship | Symbiont |
| a symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit | Mutualism |
| a symbiotic relationship in which on organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed | Commensalism |
| a symbiotic relationship in which one organism the parasite benefits at the expense of another the host by living either within or on the host | Parasitism |
| an organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissue or body fluids of another species the host while in or on the host organism. Parasites harm but don’t usually kill their host | Parasite |
| an organism or virus that causes disease | Pathogens |
| - a toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms even if the pathogen is no longer present | Exotoxins |
| a toxic componenet of the outer membrane of certain gram negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die | Endotoxins |
| the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems | Bioremediation |
| - an informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant animal or fungus. Most protists are unicellular though some are colonial or multicellular | Protists |
| - a mutually beneficial relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism | Endosymbiosis |
| the theory that mitochondria and plastids including chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells; The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism | Endosymbiont theory |
| a hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes consisting of a sequence of endosymbiotic events in which mitochondria chloroplasts and perhaps other cellular structures were derived from small prokaryotes that had been engulfed by larger cells | Serial endosymbiosis |
| a process in eukaryotic evolution in which heterotropic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell | Secondary endosymbiosis |
| - one of the four super groups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of evolutionary history of eukaryotes. Excavates have unique cytoskeletal features and some species have an excavated feeding grove on one side of the cell body | Excavata |
| a protist that has modified mitochondria and multiple flagella | Diplomonads |
| a protist such as a trichomonad with modified mitochondria | Parabasalids |
| - member of a diverse clade of flagellated protists that includes predatory heterotrophs photosynthetic autotrophs and pathogenic parasites | Euglenozoans |
| - one of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes; this super group contains a large extremely diverse collection of protists from three major subgroups | “SAR” clade |
| - on of the three major subgroups of which the SAR eukaryotic super group is named; this clade arose by secondary endosymbiosis and includes diatoms and brown algae | Stramenopiles |
| - a photosynthetic protist in the stramenopile clade; diatoms have a unique glass like wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic material | Diatoms |
| - a multicellular photosynthetic protist with a characteristic brown or olive color that results from carotenoids in its plastids; most brown algae are marine and some have a plantlike body | Brown algae |
| a rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed | Holdfast |
| Stipe | a stemlike structure of a seaweed |
| a leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis | Blade |
| one of the three major subgroups of the super group SAR; protists have membrane enclosed sacs (alveoli) located just under the plasma membrane | Alveolates |
| member of a group of mostly unicellular photosynthetic algae with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell | Dinoflagellates |
| an organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy | Mixotrophs |
| a type of protist that moves by means of cilia | Ciliates |
| - one of the three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic super group is named. Many species in this clade are amoebas characterized by threadlike pseudopodia | Rhizarians |
| a member of one of several groups of unicellular eukaryotes that have pseudopodia | Amoebas |
| a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding | Pseudopodia |
| )- an aquatic protist that secretes a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate and extends pseudopodia through pores in the shell | Forams |
| in foram protists, a porous shell that consists of a single piece of organic material hardnend with calcium carbonate | tests |
| an amoeboid or flagellated protist than feeds with thread like pseudopodia | Cercozoans |
| one of the four supergroups of eukaryotes propsed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes; this monophyletic group which includes red algae, green algae and land plants descened from an ancent protist ancestor than engulfed cyano | Archaeplastida |
| - a photosynthetic protist name for its color which results from red pigment that masks the green chlorophyll. Most red algae are multicellular and marine | Red algae |
| a photosynthetic protist named for green chloroplasts that are similar in structure and pigment composition to chloroplasts of land plants. Green algae are a paraphyletic group some members are more closely related to land plants than they are to other gr | Green algae |
| one of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of th evolutionary history of eukaryotes; this clade which is supported by studies of myosin proteins and DNA consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts | Unikonta |
| a protist in a clade that includes many species with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia | Amoebozoan |
| member of an extremely diverse clade of eukaryotes that includes fungi animals and several closely related groups of protists | Opisthokonts |
| an organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 by harnessing light energy or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals (in chemosynthetic reaction carried out by some prokaryotes) | Producers |
| - a protist in a clade that includes man species that parasitize animals some cause human disease | Apicomplexans |
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