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Microbiology 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adaptive immunity involves activity of | lymphocytes |
| two main types of lymphocytes are...and they come from... | b lymphocytes and t lymphocytes...hematopoetic stem cells |
| b lymphocytes have...and mature in the... | b antigen receptor...bone marrow |
| t lymphocytes have...and mature in the... | t antigen receptor...thymus |
| a third type of lymphocyte are the | nk cells |
| two types of adaptive immune responses include | humoral and cell-mediated |
| humoral immune responses are...and involve... | soluble response...antibody production (b cells) |
| cell-mediated immune responses involve | t cells actually having to go to the site |
| helper t cells do what | marshal humoral and cell mediated immunity |
| cytotoxic t cells are the | effector cells that do the killing |
| adaptive immunity is the body's ability to | recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products |
| five attributes of adaptive immunity are | specificity, inducibility, clonality, unresponsiveness to self and memory |
| specificity refers to the | response |
| inducibility means it can be | turned on and off |
| clonality means that if...then.. | one cell makes really good lymphocytes...more of those cells will be copied |
| unresponsiveness to self is also | tolerance |
| memory is involved in | vaccinations |
| the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system do what | screen the tissues of the body for foreign antigens |
| the lyph system is made of | lymphatic vessels and lymphatic cells, tissues an dorgans |
| lymphatic vessels and the flow of lymph is a...that... | one way system...conductgs lymph from tissues and returns it to the circulatory system via left subclavian vein |
| lymph is the | liquid with similar composition to blood and plasma |
| lymph arises from | fluid leaked from blod vessels into surrounding tissues |
| lymph organs are either | primary or secondary |
| primary lymphoid organs are also called...and are where... | central...cells are made/undergo maturation |
| primary lymphoid organs include | red bone marrow and thymus |
| secondary lymphoid organs are where | matured cells reside, function and wait to be activated |
| secondary lymphoid organs include | lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) |
| lymph nodes are...in the body that are part of the...which carries... | small, bean shaped structures...lymphatic system...lymph fluid, nutrients and waste material between the body and tissues and the bloodstream |
| lymph nodes are found. | singly or in groups |
| lymph nodes may be as...or as... | small as the head of a pin...large as an olive |
| groups of lymph nodes can be felt in the | neck, groin and underarms |
| when a part of the body is infected, the nearby lymph nodes can become...for example, if a person has...the nodes in the...may... | swollen...throat infection...neck...swell and become tender |
| antigens are | foreign molcules that the body recognizes as foreign |
| antigens are recognized by | 3D regions called epitopes |
| antigens include...as well as... | various bacterial components...proteins of viruses, fungi and protozoa |
| what else can also contain antigenic particles | food and dust |
| exogenous antigens are...that have... | antigens...entered the body from the outside |
| example of exogenous antigens are from | inhalation, ingestion or injection |
| endogenous antigens are...that have been... | antigens...generated w/i previously normal cells as a result of normal cell metabolism or because of viral/intracellular bacterial infection |
| autoangiten is usually a | normal protein or complex of proteins |
| autoantigens are common w/ | diabetes type 1 |
| b lymphs and antibodies arise and mature in the...where they remove... | red bone marrow..autoreactive immune cells |
| b lymphs are found primarily in the | spleen, lymph nodes and MALT |
| b lymphs: only a... | small percent circulates in the blood |
| b lymphs major function is the | secretion of antibodies |
| b lymphs involve the | specificity of the b cell receptor |
| each b lymph has | multiple copies of the b cell receptor |
| each b cell generates | a single bcr |
| there are...of the bcr form the... | two variable regions...antigen-binding site |
| each bcr recognizes only | one epitope |
| the entire repertoire of an individual's bcrs is capable of | recognizing millions of different epitopes |
| b lymphs: antibodies are | immunoglobulins similar to BCRs |
| b lymph antibodies are secreted by | activated b cells called plasma cellls |
| b cell lymphs have...and... | identical antigen-binding sites...antigen specificity as the bcr of the activated b cell |
| the light and heavy chains of antibodes are held together by | disulfide bridges |
| the variable region of the...represents... | heavy chain...specificity |
| the constant region of the...has the... | heavy chain...same structure coded on each gene |
| b lymph: antibody function | antigen-binding sites are complementary to epitopes |
| antibodies function in several ways | neutralization, opsonization, killing by oxidation, agglutination and activation of complement/inflammation |
| neutralization means that the antibody sees...and it works for... | epitope and sticks to it and kills it...soluble toxins and viruses |
| opsoniazation involves | neutralization and phagocytizing the cells |
| antibodies can be | opsonins |
| oxidation is when | antibodies bind and activated super oxides |
| oxidation can happen in | macrophages |
| agglutination involves | cross linking |
| complement activation is when the antibody...and... | binds to the pathogen...activates complement cascade |
| class of b lymph antibodies include | igg, iga, igm, ige, igd |
| threats confronting the immune system are...thats where there are... | variable..classes of antibodies |
| classes of antibodies involved in the...depends on the... | immune response...type of antigen, portal of entry and antibody function needed |
| igg is the...and can... | intermediate antibodies in maturation process...crossthe placenta |
| iga can be in the | mucosa |
| igm is effective in | agglutination |
| ige mediates | allergies (anaphylaxis) |
| igm is the | first antibody produced (primary response) |
| igg is the most | common and longest lasting antibody (memory response) |
| iga is associated w/ | body secretions (dimeric) |
| ige is involved in response to | parasitic infections and allergies |
| igd's exact function is | not known |
| t lymphs are produced in the..and mature in the.. | bone marrow...thymus |
| t lymphs circulate in the..and migrate to the... | lyumph and blood...to the lymph nodes, spleen and peyer's patchesin the gut |
| antigen-binding sites of t lymphs are | complementary to epitopes |
| tlymphs have | t cell receptors on their cytoplasmic membrane |
| there is only | one form of TCR |
| t lymphs receptor specificity: tcrs do not | recognize epitopes directly |
| tcrs only bind | epitopes associatedw/ a mhc protein |
| tcrs act primarily agianst | cellsthat harbor intracellular pathogens |
| tcr cannot | get secreted (bcr can) |
| tcr requires | presentation of antigen |
| types of t lymphs are based on | surface glycoproteins and characteristic functions |
| three types of t lymphsinclude | cytotoxic, helper and regulatory |
| cytotoxic t lymphs have what marker... | cd8 |
| cytotoxic t lymphs directly | kill other cells (virally infected cells) |
| helper t cells have what marker | cd4 |
| markers help do what | t cell to recognize the mhc receptor |
| helper t cells help | regulate the activities of b cells (th2) and cytotoxic t cells (th1) |
| regulatory t lymphs do what | represses adaptive immune response |
| clonal selection has three steps | induction, proliferation (amplification) and effector memory |
| there are about...in the human genome and there are...so how do you cope? | 25000 genes...billions of possible epitopes on potential threats |
| you cope by using | v(d)j recombination |
| v(d)j recombination happens for each...like for the...there are...and for the...there are.. | chromosome...heavy chain locus...65 v segments, 27 d segments and 6 j segments...light chain...etc |
| v(d)j recomb numbers make a total of...making... | 348 genetic segments...10 million possibilities |
| furhter diversity is created by | random removal and addition of codons and point mutations |
| final count is about | 10^23 b cell receptor possibilities |
| it is vital that...not be... | immune responses...directed against autoantigen |
| body eliminates | self-reactive lymphs |
| the immature b cells whose...will not be allowed to mature | b cell receptors bind too strongly to self antigens |
| if b cells are found to be...they are induced to undergo... | highly reactive to self...apoptosis |
| for b cells, apoptosis happens in the | bone marrow |
| during their maturation in the...t lymphs that react to...are... | thymus...autoantigens...eliminated by being induced to undergo apoptosis |
| functional selection is also called | positive selection |
| step 1 of deletion of autoreactive cells: functional selection involves...that generate...as well as... | thymocytes...tcr...cd4 and cd8 |
| step 2 of deletion of autoreactive cells: receptors then interact w/ | mhc and hla antigens to select for correctly assembled receptors |
| step 3 of deletion of autoreactive cells:positive selection eliminates | weakly binding cells by apoptosis |
| only...are selected | high-binding cells (tcr binding to mch i/ii or peptide) |
| autoreactive selection is also called | negative selection |
| autoreactive selection involves...undergoing... | thymocytes in the medulla...selection against tcr reactivity with autoantigens |
| autoreactive cells are...by...and there is some... | deleted...apoptosis...clonal amplification and cells become single-positive |
| single-positive means | either expressing cd4 or cd8 |
| cytokines are the...that...by.. | cells of immune system...communicate...releasing soluble regulatory proteins that act on other cells |
| cytokines are secreted by | various leukocytes |
| the complex web of signals among all the cells of the immune system are called the | cytokine network |
| immune system cytokines include | interleukins, interferons, growth factors, tumor necrosis factors and chemokines |
| interleukins signal among | leukocytes and other tissues |
| interferons are the...that may act as... | antiviral proteins...cytokines |
| growth factors are the..that stimulate.. | proteins...stem cells to divide |
| tumornecoris factor activates | t cells |
| tnfs are secreted by...to.. | macrophages and t cells...kill tumor cells andregulate immune responses and inflammation |
| chemokines are..that... | chemotactic cytokines..signal leukocytes to move |
| cells have receptors for | diff cytokines and are also able to produce diff cytokines |
| groups of antigens were first identified in | graft patients |
| histocompatibility complex is important in determining | compatibility of tissues for tissue grafting |
| major histocompatibility antigens are...foud in the... | glycogprotiens...membranes of most cells of vertebrate animals |
| major histocompatibility complex holds and positions | antigenic determinants for presentation to cells |
| antigens bind in the | antigen binding groove of mhc molecules |
Created by:
handrzej
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