Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch 1, 2, & 4 Psych
The science of psychology, the biological perspective, and learning.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Wilhelm Wundt | Founded psychology. |
| Abraham Maslow | Founder of humanism |
| Phineas Gage | Lived after getting a steel rod go through his head. |
| Carl Rogers | Founder of humanism |
| John Watson | Proposed behaviorism and demonstrated that phobias are learned. |
| Ivan Pavlov | Worked with dogs to prove involuntary reactions are normal. |
| B. F. Skinner | Introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism. |
| Sigmund Freud | Childhood experiences are important and believed personality developed the first 6 years of life. |
| Behavioral Perspective | Focus on operant conditioning, punishment, and reinforcement |
| Humanistic Perspective | Free will. Self-acutalization |
| Cognitive Perspective | Memory, intelligence, perception, learning, etc |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | Modern psychoanalyis |
| Sociocultural Perspective | Relationship between social behavior and culture |
| Biopsychological Perspective | Behavior to biological events. |
| Evolutionary Perspective | Biological bases of mental character that all humans share. (Fight or flight) |
| Case Study | Tremendous amounts of detail given but cannot apply to others. |
| Surveys | data from large numbers of people. Have to ensure representative sample. Courtesy bias. |
| Naturalistic Observation | realistic but observer effect, observer bias, observations may not hold across settings. |
| Laboratory Observation | control over environment and allows use of specialized equipment. but may result in artificial behavior |
| Experiment | to determine cause-and-effect relationships |
| Four major goals of psychology | description, explanation, prediction, and control |
| Description | What is happening? |
| Explanation | Why is it happening? General explanation of a set of observations or facts |
| Prediction | Will it happen again? |
| Control | How can it be changed? |
| Psychology | Scientific study of behavior |
| Positive Correlation | Variables related in same direction |
| Negative Correlation | Variables related in opposite direction |
| Operational Definition | definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured |
| representative sample | randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects |
| 3 subfields of psychology | clinical, counseling, development |
| psychologist | PH.D., academic training |
| psychiatrist | M.D. or D.O., specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. |
| psychoanalyst | Therapy based on Sigmund Freud |
| psychiatric social worker | Masters degree, trained in social work,focus in environmental conditions that impact a person. |
| Structuralism | The focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. |
| Functionalism | The focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. |
| Gestalt Psychology | Focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures. |
| Psychoanalysis | The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud |
| Axon | Tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells |
| Dendrites | branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons |
| Soma | the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell |
| Receptor Sites | 3D proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands. |
| Myelin | Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell |
| Synaptic Vesicles | saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals |
| GABA | Major inhibitory neurotransmitter, involved in sleep and inhibits movement |
| Dopamine | excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure |
| Serotonin | excitatory or inhibitory; involved in mood, sleep, and appetite |
| Reuptake | process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles |
| Nerve | bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body |
| Glial Cells | cell that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neuron, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons. |
| Basic types of neurons | afferent, efferent, interneurons |
| neuroplasticity | The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma. |
| Autonomic | division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands |
| Somatic | division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body |
| Sympathetic | Responsible for fight or flight events |
| Parasympathetic | responsible for normal body functions |
| EEG | recording of electrical activity of cortical neurons just below skull |
| PET | brain-imaging method with radioactive sugar. color-coded images of brain |
| CT | using computer-controlled x-rays of the brain |
| MRI | using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images |
| fMRI | mri-based. allows for functional examination of brain areas through change in brain oxygenation. |
| What brain structures make up the hindbrain? | medulla, pons, retucular formation, and cerebellum |
| Cerebellum | controls balance and maintains muscle coordination |
| Cerebral Cortex | control completes though processes |
| Hippocampus | plays a role in our learning, memory, and ability to compare sensory information to expections |
| Amygdala | fear responses and memory of fear |
| Corpus Callosum | connects the left and right hemispheres |
| Medulla | controls life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and swallowing |
| Hypothalmus | fear, thirst, sex drive, and aggression |
| What are the four lobes of the brain? | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
| Broca's aphasia | unable to speak fluently and mispronounce words |
| Wernicke's aphasia | unable to understand or pronounce language |
| spatial negelect | damage to right hemisphere in parietal lobe. cannot recognize things on the left |
| Adrenal | on top of the kidneys, deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and secondary source of sex hormones |
| Thyroid | regulates metabolism |
| Pancreas | controls blood sugar levels |
| Gonads | sex glands |
| Pituitary | in brain. human growth hormone and other hormones. |
| Left hemisphere | controls right hand, written and verbal language, math, reading |
| Right Hemipshere | controls left hand, music and art, pattern and facial recognition, emotions |
| Classical Conditioning | learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus |
| Stimulus generalization | tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response |
| Stimulus discrimination | tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction | the disappearance of a learned response |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance of a learned response after extinction |
| High-order conditioning | occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus |
| Conditioned emotional response | emotional response to a learned stimuli |
| Vicarious conditioning | classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. |
| conditioned taste aversion | development of nausea or aversive response to a particular taste. |
| biological preparedness | the tendency of animals to learn certain associations with certain foods |
| Stimulus substitution | classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus |
| cognitive perspective | classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides info |
| Operant conditioning | the learning of voluntary behavior |
| Law of effect | law stating that if and action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated |
| Operant | any behavior that is voluntary |
| Reinforcement | any stimulus that increases probability that the response will occur again |
| Reinforcers | event or object that increase the likelihood of that response occuring again |
| Primary reinforcer | any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting basic biological needs. |
| Secondary reinforcer | after being paired with primary reinforcer becomes reinforcing |
| Partial reinforcement effect | the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some correct responses to be very resistant to extinction |
| Continuous reinforcement | the reinforcement of each and every correct response |
| discriminative stimulus | provides an organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement |
| successive approximations | small steps in behavior that lead to a particular goal behavior |
| instinctive drift | tendency for an animals behavior to revert to genetically controlled paters |
| behavior modification | the use of operant conditioning to bring about desired changes in behavior |
| token economy | rewarded with tokens |
| applied behavior analysis | uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response |
| biofeedback | use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses |
| neurofeedback | using brain-scanning to proved feedback in effort to modify behavior |
| latent learning | learning that remains hidden until application is useful |
| insight | aha moment |
| learned helplessness | depression learned |
| observational learning | learning new behavior by watching a model |
| learning/performance distinction | observing can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior |
Created by:
bella_b893
Popular Psychology sets