Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
geo quizlet 2
geology quiz 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Angular unconformity | Siccar Point, Scotland, when rocks are tilted and form more in another direction, caused by erosion |
| Nonconformity | two fundamentally distinct rocks, metamorphic rock below, sedimentary above |
| Disconformity | sedimentary rocks parallel to each other above and below |
| Fossils | preserved remains or evidence of biological activity that’s at least 10,000 years old |
| Why fossils? | provide evidence of evolution over long time frames, ex. Causes, rates, and pathways |
| Where are fossils? | caves, deep lagoons, tar, glaciers |
| Paleontology | study of old life (1800) |
| Which type of rock are fossils? | sedimentary and volcanic ash |
| What helps preserve fossils? | rapid deposition, low oxygen, low energy, hard parts, fine, impermeable sediment cover (ash, clay) |
| Taphonomy | study of fossilization |
| Vertebrates | backbone |
| Invertebrates | no backbone |
| Turbidity currents | way to fossilize organisms |
| Body fossils | a whole or part of an actual organism ex. Preserved in amber, exoskeleton, carbon fern |
| Trace fossils | imprint, indirect evidence, no actual organism, ex. Dino footprint, imprints, worm burrows, trailmarks |
| Extraordinary fossil locales | Geiseltal Formation, Germany, Solenhofen Formation, Germany, Burgess Shale, Canadian Rockies |
| Taxonomy | classification of organisms, in order to find the relationships between organisms |
| Carolus Linaeus | (1707-1778) Swedish Botanist, Father of Taxonomy, used naming, ranking, sent 19 students on voyages worldwide, binomial system |
| Biology species definition | species are capable of producing viable offspring |
| Paleontology species definition | species are defined based on similar morphology |
| Modern taxonomy system | 3 domains system |
| 6 kingdoms | animalia, plantae, fungi, Protista, bacteria, archaea |
| Prokaryotes | single cell that lacks a central nucleus, ex. Bacteria, archaea |
| Eukaryotes | has a nucleus, some single cell some many, ex. Animalia, plantae, fungi, Protista |
| Why fossil record is incomplete? | physical destruction, chemical destruction (dissolution), biological destruction (scavengers, bacteria), deformation, sampling problems(bias lack of data) |
| Uses of fossils | correlation(relative age), paleo-env’t (determine env’ts deposition and distribution), plate tectonics, evolution(rates, causes, paths) |
| Unaltered body fossils 1 | soft parts= tissue, hair, organs, skin found from freezing, tar, or amber, ex. La Brea Tar Pits, CA |
| Altered, permineralized body fossil | inorganic material fills void |
| Altered, replaced body fossil | orginal material dissolved and rplaced with inorganic ex. Petrified wood |
| Unaltered body fossil 2 | hard parts= bones, teeth, shells, woody tissue from plants |
| Altered recrystallized body fossil | crystal structure changed, no chemical alteration |
| Altered carbonized body fossil | mostly plants, Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen escape and carbon film is left |
| Mold trace fossil | imprint, 2D, solutions dissolve organism and leave void |
| Cast trace fossil | mold filled with sediment, looks more 3D |
| Burrows trace fossil | holes or tubes |
| Chemical trace fossils | amino acids |
| Evolution | inheritable changes in organisms over time |
| Evolutionary theory | all organism are descendants of previously existing oranisms |
| Theory | supported by a large body of evidence, used to make testable predictions, has not been discredited by any new data |
| Charles Darwin | (1809-1882) English Naturalist, 1831-36 Beagle Voyage (Africa, s. America, Australia, Islands), takes “Principles of Geology” by Charles Lyell |
| Cape Verde Islands | first part of Darwin’s trip, Africa, discovers a shelly rock layer, 50 ft above sea level |
| Punta Alta | SA, Darwin, discovers large fossil bones in a cliff (rodents, sloths, etc.) |
| Falkland Islands | SA, Darwin, discovers how species or fossils on the island differ from mainland, adapted env’t idea begins to form |
| Chile | SA, Darwin, large earthquake, total destruction and fossil layers are uplifted near shore, evidence that continents have been uplifted over time |
| Galapagos Islands | 600 mi from SA, yr 4, Archipelago, hotspots, finds many unique species, focus on Finches(13 species, but only 1 in SA, 5-6 weeks |
| Darwin’s 2 main conclusions | new species originate only from pre-existing ones and species have a common ancestor, but each species has changed slightly as a result of living in a slightly different envt |
| Elder Darwin | made observations in 1830s but presented in 1858 in London, co-presented with Wallace |
| Alfred Russell Wallace | (1823-1913) British Naturalist, Explorer, Geographer, biologist, “father of biogeography”, came to same ideas as Darwin in Asia and Australia, Bio-geographical map of the world |
| Darwin-Wallace Model | Natural Variations occur in any population, competition for resources, not all young will survive (organisms produce more young than necessarily sustainable), some traits more favorable than others |
| Thomas Matthus | (1766-1834) political economist, 18th century England, said all organisms produce more young than necessary |
| Johann Gregor Mendel | (1822-1884) Austrian monk, studied plant hybrids, 28,000 pea variations, father of modern genetics, laws of inheritance, papers from 1860 found in 1900 |
| Mutations | random changes at the molecular level that produce new inheritable traits |
| Phyletic gradualism | Darwinian evolution-ancestors change continuously and gradually become new species, transitional species are common ex. Horses, Archaeopteryx |
| Punctuated equilibria | ancestor species remain unchanged for most of time, rapid mutations occur and new species results, caused by mass extinctions, sudden climate change, isolation |
| Stephen Jay Gould | (1941-2002) Harvard professor of paleontology, proposed punctuated equilibria, many popular and scientific publications |
| Archaeopteryx | “Berlin specimen” part bird part reptile, avian feathers and wishbone, reptilian teeth and bony tail |
| Horses | 25 mya were smaller, 4 toes, less ridges on teeth for woodlands, and now larger, single toe for grassland |
| Niles Eldredge | curator, invertebrate fossils at American Museum of Natural History in NY, co-proposed “punctuated equilibria” with Gould in 1972 |
| Organisms most at risk | large, tropical animals because few in number, delicate balance in ecosystem |
| Georges Cuvier | (1769-1832) said extinction occurs |
| Louis Dollo | (1857-1931) proposed extinction is forever |
| Mass extinctions | whole species going extinct in a short period of time |
| Causes of mass extinction | flood basalts, sea level falling, impact events, global cooling/warming, plate tectonics |
| Pseudo-extinction | evolution |
| Domino effect | delicate balance where one species goes extinct and many others follow |
| Hadeon Eon | 3.8-4.5 bya, Earth forms, differentiation, moon forms, crust forms (cratons), cratering, outgassing, oceans form by the end |
| Differentiation | Earth becomes layered |
| Oldest rock | formed 4.03 bya, metamorphic rock from Northwest Canada |
| Oldest mineral | from 4.4 bya from Australia |
| Atmosphere of Hadeon Eon | dense of water, Nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide but no oxygen |
| Archean Eon | 2.5-3.8 bya, real rock record begins, bombardment ceases, really high heat flow, plate tectonics unknown, continental formations, <1% oxygen so single-cell prokaryotes |
| Rocks of Archean Eon | , igneous/metamorphic rocks preserved, immature sedimentary rocks (deep water chert, coarse sand/clay mixes), few shallow sandstones, limestones or shales |
Created by:
lfalkens
Popular Earth Science sets