Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Chapter 6
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tumor | mass of cells with no function |
| metastatic cells can travel throughout the body via the.. | circulatory system or the lymphatic system |
| lymphatic system | collects fluid that leaks from capillaries |
| cancer cells differ from normal cells... | 1) they divide when they shouldn't 2) invade surrounding tissues 3) move to other locations in the body |
| risk factors for cancer | tabacco/alcohol use |
| asexual reproduction | -offspring are identical to the original cell or organism -involves inheritance of all genes from one parent |
| sexual reproduction | -offspring are similar to parents, but show variations in traits -involves inheritance of unique sets of genes from two parents |
| duplicated chromosomes are held together at the: and are called: | centromere sister chromatids |
| chromatin | DNA wraps around histone proteins |
| semiconservative replication | two identical daughter molecules, each with one parental strand and one new strand |
| DNA polymerase | the enzyme that replicates DNA |
| mitosis | the division of the genetic material in the nucleus |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm |
| meiosis | gametes are produced by a variation of the cell division |
| meiosis yeilds: | nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell |
| three stages of the cell cycle | 1)interphase 2)mitotic phase 3)cytokinesis |
| mitotic spindle | composed of microtubules produced by centrosomes |
| centrosomes | structures in the cytoplasm that: -organize microtuble arrangement -contain a pair of centrioles in animal cells |
| aster | a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome |
| mitosis | -prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase |
| cytokinesis | division into separate cells |
| mutation | change in the sequence of DNA |
| proto-oncogenes | genes that enable cells to regulate cell division |
| oncogenes | normal proto-oncogenes that have mutated |
| tumor suppressor genes | genes for proteins that stop cell division if conditions are not favorable |
| angiogenesis | tumor gets it's own blood supply |
| contact inhibition | cells do not like to pile on each other |
| anchorage dependence | loss of this enables a cancer cell to move to another location |
| immortalized | cells no longer have a fixed number of cell divisions |
| multiple hit model | process of cancer development requires multiple mutations |
| biopsy | surgical removal of cells or fluid for analysis |
| needle biopsy | removal is made using a needle |
| laparascope | surgical instrument with a light, camera, and a small scalpel |
| chemotherapy | drugs that selectively kill dividing cells |
| radiation therapy | use of high-energy particles to destroy cancer cells |
| clone | a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent |
| somatic cell | any cell other than a gamete |
| humans have __ pairs of chromosomes | 23 |
| __ pairs of autosomes | 22 |
| __ pair of sex chromosomes | 1 |
| locus | position of a gene |
| meiosis | a specialized form of cell division in gonads to produce gametes |
| gametes are: somatic cells are: | haploid diploid |
| meiosis beings with | interphase |
| recombinant chromosomes | combine DNA inherited from each parent |
| chiasma | the site of attachment and crossing over |
| random alignment | each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independently of the other pairs |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate during meiosis |
| trisomy 21 | involves the inheritance of three copies of chromosome 21 |
| Adults produce ____ in their ____ by _____ | gametes, gonads, meiosis |
| Zygote | sperm cells fertilize egg cells to form single-celled zygotes |
| embryo | formed by repeated cell divisions |
| fetus | what the embryo grows into |
| genes | segments of DNA that code for proteins, analogous to words in an instruction manual for building a human |
| chromosomes | analogous to pages in the instruction manual |
| mutations | mistakes in copying DNA |
| alleles | different versions of genes |
| segregation | in meiosis, one member of each homologous pair goes into a gamete |
| independent assortment | randomly determines which member of a pair of chromosomes goes into a gamete |
| random fertilization | produces more diversity: 64 trillion possibilities! |
| monozygotic twins | only two humans that are genetically identical |
| phenotype | physical traits of an individual |
| genotype | description of the alleles for a particular gene in an individual |
| homozygous | both alleles for a gene are identical |
| heterozygous | the gene has two different alleles |
| recessive | the phenotype of an allele is seen only when homozygous |
| dominant | the phenotype is seen when homozygous or heterozygous |
| cystic fibrosis | a recessive human genetic disease |
| heritability | proportion of the variation within a population due to genetic differences among individuals |
| mean | sum up all the phenotypic values and divide by the number of individuals, same as average |
| variance | a measure of how much variability there is in the population |
| polygenic traits | quantitative traits with continuous variation |
| polygenic inheritance | skin color is affected by at least three genes |
| artificial selection | ex. only the cow giving the most milk was allowed to breed |
| high heritability | likely to be inherited |
| natural experiments | situations in which either the overlap in genes or environment is removed |
| incomplete dominance | two copies of the dominant allele are required to see the full phenotype |
| codominance | neither allele is dominant to the other; heterozygote shows both traits at once |
| multiple allelism | more than two alleles found in the population |
| Rh factor (completely dominant) | positive: you have Rh factor negative: you do not have Rh factor |
| pleiotropy | one gene influencing many characteristics |
| hemophilia | the inability to clot blood normally due to the absence of a clotting factor |
| sex-linked genes | genes located on the sex chromosomes |
| X-linked | located on the X chromosome |
| Y-linked | located on the Y chromosome |
| X-linked recessive traits | only females can be carriers of |
| Barr body | early female embryos randomly inactivate one of the X chromosomes in each cell |
| pedigree | reveals modes of inheritance |
| PCR | polymerase chain reaction in DNA fingerprinting |
| how to fingerprint DNA | DNA is mixed with nucleotides, specific primers, Taq polymerase, and then is heated |
| restriction enzymes | what DNA is cut into fragments using |
| VNTR (variable number tandem repeats) | cut around DNA sequences |
| gel electrophoresis | separates DNA fragments on basis of their sizes |
| agarose gel | electric current is applied to |
| probs | reveal locations of fragments containing VNTRs |
Created by:
copage
Popular Biology sets