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Chapter 2 & 12 SG
Chapter 2 & 12 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The three particle that make up atoms are | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| The space surrounding the nucleus of an atom contains | electrons |
| If an atoms contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is | 11 |
| Which of the following terms describes a substance formed by the combination of two or more elements in definite proportions" | compound |
| A covalent bond is formed as the result of | sharing an electron pair |
| What type of electron is available to form bonds? | valence |
| What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons? | positive |
| When salt is dissolved in water, water is the | solvent |
| A substance with a pH of 6 is called | an acid |
| A monosaccharide is a | carbohydrate |
| Which of the following is NOT a monomer? | a protein |
| Identify the reactant(s) in the chemical reaction, CO2 + H2O H2CO3 | CO2 and H2O |
| What is the term used to describe the energy needed to get a reaction started? | activation energy |
| what is not true about enzymes? | all enzymes have the same shape as their substances |
| A substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction is called a(n) | catalyst |
| Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the | Speed of the reaction |
| What is a nucleotide found in DNA? | deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine |
| In eukaryotes, DNA | in located in the nucleus |
| which of following include all the others? (DNA molecules, histones, chromosomes, nucleosomes) | chromosomes |
| DNA is copied during a process called | replication |
| DNA replication results in two DNA strand molecules, | each with one new strand and one original strand |
| During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases | GAUCCA |
| RNA contains the sugar | ribose |
| Unlike DNA, RNA contains | uracil |
| How many main types of RNA are there? | 3 |
| Which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis? | Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA |
| What are copied from DNA? | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| What is produced during transcription? | RNA molecules |
| During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed | inside the nucleus |
| Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon? | There are 64 different kinds of codons but only 20 amino acids |
| What happens during the process of translation? | The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. |
| Genes contain instructions for assembling | proteins |
| Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code? | mRNA |
| What is a false statement? | the instructions for making some proteins are not specified by genes |
| A mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides is called a(an) | point mutation |
| which of the following is NOT a gene mutation?(inversion,insertion,deletion,substitution) | inversion |
| a promoter is a | binding site for RNA polymerase |
| If a specific kind of protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein is | turned on and off at different times |
| Gene regulation in eukaryotes | allows for cell specialization |
| Specialized cells regulate the expression of genes because they | do not need the proteins that are specified by certain genes |
| Hox genes determine an animal's | basic body plan |
| The Watson and Crick model of DNA is a______________, in which two strands are wound around each other. | double helix |
| Chromatin contains proteins called_____________. | histones |
| In RNA,___________and_____________are pyrimidines | cytosine and uracil |
| The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________ in proteins | amino acids |
| The codon that signals the end of a growing polypeptide is called a____________ | stop codon |
| The tRNA bases called the__________are complementary to three consecutive nucleotides on one mRNA molecule. | anti codons |
| Suppose that part of an amino acid sequence of a protein changed from tyrosine-proline-glycine-alanine to tyrosine-histidine-glycine-alanine. This change was most likely caused by a point mutation called a(an)____________. | substitution |
| A point mutation will cause the cell to make an incomplete polypeptide if the mutation results in a(an)__________ | stop codon |
| A typical gene consists of regulatory sites, a(an)__________, and the nucleotide sequence that is transcribed. | promoter |
| During DNA replication, what two processes must occur before the two strands of a DNA molecule can separate? | the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs must be broken and the molecule must unwind |
| What causes translation to stop? | a stop codon on the mRNA causes translation to stop |
| What is a mutation? | a mutation is a change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic info. |
| Describe the structure of a DNA molecule | shape of a double helix,each helix strand is a chain of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. A-T, G-C |
| Contrast the functions of the three main types of RNA. | mRNA carries copies of instructions for assembling proteins from DNA to the ribosomes. rRNA is a component of the ribosomes. Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes for assembly into proteins. |
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