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molecular genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| was the first to identify genetic material exhibited transformation with encapsulated and non-encapuslated bacteria was able to prove that dna is the genetic material | Griffith |
| repeated griffith's work discovered that dna is in the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next | avery |
| used roslind franklinds photo 51 to discover the three dimensional double helix that represents the shape of dna | watson and crick |
| the nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic infromation from one generation to another | dna |
| looks like a spiral staircase qith two strands of nucleotides wrapped around the axis each rung is a purine or pyrimidine help together by a hydrogen bond the strands are complements of each other | double helix |
| long thin subunits that make up dna and linked together like a chain | nucleotides |
| 5- carbon structure phostphate group nitrogen base all make up a __________ | nucleotide |
| the scientist who discovered that the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine | chargaff |
| adenine always pairs with | thymine |
| thymine always pairs with | adenine |
| cytocine always pairs with | guanine |
| guanine always pairs with | cytosine |
| purines always bond to | pyrimidines |
| one side of the dna molecule has an orientation of sugar that goes from 5 prime to 3 prime while the other strand reads | 3 prime to 5 prime |
| the chromosome structure in prokaryotes | ring |
| where is the chromosome structure located in prokaryotes | cytoplasm |
| in eukaryotes dna coils around the | histones |
| when dna is coiled around the histones it is a | nucleosome |
| the nucleosomes condense into | chromatin |
| chromatin fibers coil into | chromosomes |
| unwinds dna and breaks the hydrogen bonds | dna helicase |
| the point where dna unzips | replication fork |
| what shape does the replication fork form | y shape |
| at the fork what moves along strands and ads complemantary bases to exposed bases | dna polymerases |
| has the ability to proofred and check for mistakes | dna polymerase |
| catalzyes the addition of the new nucleotides to the new dna strand starting at the 3 prime end | dna polymerase |
| links the pieces together into a single dna strand | dna ligase |
| contains working instructions for the cell consist of a single strand of nucleotides a five carbon sugar called ribsoe and uracil rather than thymine as a base | rna |
| (MESSENGER) complementary to dna carries message from dna to direct protien synthesis(codon) | mRna |
| associates with protien to form ribosomes | rRNA |
| transports amino acids to ribisomes acts as a translator by picking up the appropriate amino acids & recognizing the appropriate codons in mRNA has anticodon site and amino acid | tRNA |
| 2 stages of this | gene expression |
| the info in dna is transferred into mRNA | transcription |
| the info in mRNA is used to make a protien | translation |
| transcription in eukaryotes occurs in the | nucleus |
| transcription begins when what binds to a promoter region | rna polymerase |
| A promoter is a specific sequence of DNA that acts as a start signal for transcription the molecule begins to undwind and the double helix is seperated. this exposes the | N-Base |
| only one strand of dna serves as the tempelate. the polymerase moves down the strand like a train on a track and pairs its base to its blank These are linked with covalent bonds | Complementary RNA Nucleotide |
| long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information | introns |
| nucleotides that code for amino acids | exons |
| where mrna leaves the nucleus from | pores |
| the equipment for translation is located int the | cytoplasm |
| tRNA consist of 3 loops. one of the 3 loops has a nucleotide sequence called an blank that is complementary to the genetic code | anticodon |
| the three stop codons are | uaa uag uga |
| a ribisome has blank binding sites | 3 |
| the first site holds | mrna |
| the blank site holds tRNA molecule that it is carrying is specific to amino acid | A |
| the _ site holds a tRNA that is carrying its specific amino acid attached to the growing protien chain | P |
| ________ codon initiates buildin | start |
| ________ bonds form between amino acids | peptide |
| stop codon stops the building once it hits the | a Site |
| contains instructions for building protiens | codons |
| represents the amino acids and stop signal that are coded by each of the possible mRNA codons | genetic code |
| a cluster of genes that codes for protiens with related functions | operon |
| where the rna polymerase first binds to dna | promoter |
| controls rna polymerases access to the structural genes | operator |
| the operon is turned off when a ___ bound to the operator | repressor |
| transcription can resume when an _________ removes the repressor | inhibitor |
| mutations in ____________ may passed on whereas mutations in somatic cells are not | gametes |
| ________ only change one or a few nucleotides | point |
| genes that have the abailtity to move from one chromosomal location to another | transposons |
| transposons were discovered by | barbara mcclintock |
| clustures of almost identical famalies of genes | multigene famalies |
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