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bsc111 exam 1:ch 27
j.sellers:25,26,27,28,29,30
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryotes | spheres (cocci), rods (bacillia), spirals |
| prokaryotes cell wall | exterior to membrane, to maintain shape, protection against hypotonic environment, in hypertonic-lose water and shrink (salt); peptidoglycan[sugar polymers/polypeptides) |
| Gram stain | a valuable tool for identifying specific members of Domain Bacteria, based on differences in their cell walls. |
| gram positive/negative | positive-simple; lots of peptidoglycan;negative-more complex and less peptidoglycan |
| among pathogenic bacteria | gram negative more threatening-lipopolysaccharides: protect pathogen from host |
| the capsule | prokaryotes secrete this sticky protective layer outside cell wall |
| fimbriae | another way for prokaryotes to attach to one another by hairlike attachments (aka attachment pilli) |
| Sex pili | holding 2 prokaryote cells together long enough to transfer DNA during DNA conjugation (hit and split it) . |
| moti1.lity | directional movement; flagella [taxis is moving toward/away from stimulus]; plasmids also help prokaryotes move around |
| prokaryotic reproduction | reproduced quickly by fission, and evolve rapidly |
| genetic recombination | 1. transformation: cell can absorb and integrate dna fragments from their environments 2.conjugation-one cell directly transfers genes to another cell 3.transduction-viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes 4.mutations-major source of variations |
| cell growth | grow in numbers exponentially, not size. number of cells doubles each generation until resources are depleted |
| endospores in prokaryotes | metabolically inactive;remain viable in harsh conditions |
| 1.photoautrophs | photosynthetic organisms that harness light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 (use photosynthesis for carbon source and energy source) |
| 2.chemoautotrophs | need only CO2 as a carbon source, but obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, rather than light. (synthesize own organic molecules and get energy from oxidation) |
| 3.photoheterotrophs | use light to generate ATP but obtain their carbon in organic form (light for energy but carbon source is environment) |
| 4.chemoheterotrophs | must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon (cannot synthesize organic molecules, get energy from oxidation) |
| roles in biospehere: recycling | decomposers & chemical conversions |
| roles in biosphere: ecology-symbiosis | mutualism-both benefit, parasitism-one benefits and other is harmed, commensalism-one benefits &other is not harmed/helped |
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dixxfranks
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