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Micro Objectives Ch3
Microbiology Learning Objectives Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characterizations of living things | growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism, cellularity |
| Growth | increase in size by assimilation |
| Reproduction | increase in number; asexual or sexual. Some sharing of DNA occurs with sex pilus. Asexual = binary fission. |
| Responsiveness | actively change based on environmental conditions. "running away" |
| Metabolism | ability to take in nutrients and use them to provide energy and build structures |
| Cellularity | Any living thing has cellularity. Organized, membrane-bound structure that performs growth, reproduction, responsive actions and metabolism. |
| The Cell Theory | The cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are composed of one or more cells, and all cells come from other cells. |
| Microbes- types and structures | Prokaryotes and eukarotyes |
| Prokaryotes | Organisms in the domains bacteria and archaea, have no membrane-bound nucleus and are smaller that eukaryotes. |
| Eukaryotes | Organisms in the domain eukarya (animals, plants, protozoa, algae and fungi), have a membrane-bound nucleus. |
| Bacteria shapes and arrangements | Monomorphic (one shape): round (coccus/cocci), oblong/rod (bacillus/bacilli), curved (vibro), sprial (spirillum- stiff/spirochete- flexible). |
| Pleomorphic | varies in shape and size |
| Diplo- | two |
| Strepto- | a chain |
| Tetrads | in cocci- four together |
| Sarcinae | in cocci- eight together in a cube |
| Staphylo- | in cocci- a bunch together |
| V shaped | in bacilli- v shaped |
| Palisade | in bacilli- side by side (NOT end to end) |
| Glycocalyx (glycocalyces - plural) | "sugar cup", external layer of bacteria. Protects cell and/or used for attachment to surfaces. Made of polysaccharides (carbs) and/or proteins. Two types; capsule and slime layer. |
| Capsule (in terms of glycocalyx) | Firmly attached to cell surface; protects a pathogen from the immune system |
| Slime layer (in terms of glycocalyx) | Loosley attached to cell surface, less organized than capsule, used to attach to surface in a biofilm |
| Motility | ability to move through the enviroment |
| Flagellum | propels cell in environment. Has three parts: basal body, hook and filament. Rotates 360 degrees, counter clockwise and clockwise. Very fast! Moves in rotations. |
| Filament | A long, hollow shaft made up of many flagellin (a protein). |
| Flagellar Arrangement | Polar; monotrichous, iophotrichous, amphitrichous. Peritrichous. |
| Polar Flagellar Arrangement | Monotrichous; only have one flagellum. Iophotrichous; tuft of flagella at one end "pony tail". Amphitrichous; one or more flagella at each end of the cell |
| Peritrichous | Flagella cover the entire surface of the cell |
| Movement of bacteria | "Run and Tumble". "Run"- movement in a straight line, occurs when flagellum rotate CCW, tufts of flagella bundle and rotate together. "Tumble"- abrupt, random changes in direction, occurs when flagellum rotates CW, tufts unbundle |
| Taxis | Movement in response to various stimuli. Requires cell surface receptors (integral and peripheral membrane proteins). |
| Types of taxis stimuli | Chemotaxis = chemical stimuli. Phototaxis = light stimuli. Magnetotaxis = magnetic field stimuli. Geotaxis = gravity stimuli. |
| Positive Taxis | movement toward stimulus. Increases the number of runs (counter clockwise movement) |
| Negative Taxis | movement away from stimulus. Increases the number of tumbles (flagella spin clockwise) |
| Fimbriae (fimbria) | Nonmotile structures used for attachment. Short, numerous bristle-like surface projections; made of protein; stick cells to one another or to a surface (biofilms) or to a host cell (pathogens) |
| Pili (pilus) | Nonmotile structures used for attachment. Longer than fimbrae (shorter than flagella); hollow tube; used for attachment to surfaces or other cells. Most common- "sex pilus" (also called - conjugation pilus) |
| Bacterial Cell Walls | Provide structure and shape, protects cell from osmotic forces, can aid in attachment to other cells, can aid in eluding antimicrobial drugs. Animal calls do NOT have cell walls. Bacteria and Archaea have different cell wall chemistry. |
| Bacterial cell wall composition | composed of peptidoglycan (protein + sugar). Long strings of two alternating sugars (acetylglucosamine [NAG] and N-acetylmuramic acid [NAM]). Chain of four amino acids (tetrapeptide) forms cross-bridges to link NAG & NAM chains. |
| Gram+ Bacteria Cell Walls | Thick- many layers of peptidoglycan, has teichoic and lipoteichoic acids. |
| Acid-Fast Bacteria | ie; mycobacterium. Has same cell wall structure as Gram+ with an additional layer of mycolic acid. Can be stained with an acidic stain |
| Mycolic Acid | Waxy. Prevents staining with crystal violet (looks like Gram-) |
| Gram- Bacteria Cell Walls | Peptidoglycan wall is thin but it has an extra outer membrane. Cell membrane -> thin cell wall -> outer membrane. |
| Periplasmic Space | Also called Periplasm, is the area between the outer and cell membranes in Gram- |
| Outer membrane (Gram-) | Phospholipids (on inner surface), channel proteins (porins; span the bilayer), LPS (lipopolysaccharide- on outer surface. Lipid A + polysaccharide) |
| Lipid A (Gram-) | Also called endotoxin. When Gram- negative bacteria are killed, endotoxin is released into the body. Causes fever, shock, clotting, vasodilation etc... |
| Cell membrane | Phospholipid bilayer + proteins. Proteins can be integral (goes all the way through the phosopholipid) or peripheral (stays on the outside). Fluid mosaic model. |
| Cell Membrane as a barrier | Separates inside of cell from outside of cell- in ALL cells. Semi-permeable-> not everything can cross the bilayer. Controls the passage of materials in/out of cell. |
| Crossing the Cell membrane | CAN cross; water, lipid-soluble, oxygen, CO2, small molecules. CANNOT cross (without help); most hydrophilic substances, charged substances, and large molecules. |
| Concentration Gradient | The underlying process of molecules moving spontaneously from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Cell membrane is semi-permeable -> causes concentration gradients to form. |
| Equilibrium | When molecules are uniformly distributed. Molecules can reach equilibrium through diffusion |
| Transport across the cell membrane | Passive transport (does not require energy- ATP), and active transport (DOES require energy- ATP) |
| Diffusion | chemicals move directly across membrane from high to low concentration |
| Facilitated diffusion | requires integral membrane protein to help a chemical cross from high to low concentration |
| Carrier AKA Permease (facilitated diffusion) | Membrane protein specific to a particular chemical |
| Pore AKA Channel (facilitated diffusion) | general protein membrane; multiple substances can cross |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water molecules. directly across a membrane or through a pore |
| 'Tonics | Isotonic- equal, hypertonic- more on the outside of cell, hypotonic- more on the inside of the cell |
| Active transport | requires ATP, moving substances agains concentration gradient. "Maintaining the gradient" Always requires a carrier protein |
| Uniport (in matters of active transport) | Moves one substance |
| Antiport (in matters of active transport) | Moves more than one substance in opposite directions |
| Coupled transport (in matters of active transport) | Moves more than one substance in the same direction |
| Group Translocation (in matters of active transport) | Chemical is altered as it is moved across the membrane |
| Respiration (in matters of the cell membrane) | Present in some prokaryotes ("respiratory prokaryotes"). Aerobic respiration (uses O2) anaerobic respiration (uses something else). Conversion of chemical energy to ATP. Utilizes electron transport chain |
| Cytoplasm | the liquid and structures inside the plasma membrane |
| Cytosol | Liquid portion of cytoplasm; site of chemistry * water, ions, carbs, lipids, etc.. |
| Nucleoid | DNA + Protein. DNA usually one chromosome (circular) |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis, thousands of ribosomes lie in cytoplasm, 70S (suedberg units). Have two subunits; large- many proteins + rRna, and small- many subunits + rRNA |
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