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Microbiology 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| species resistance is due to...that are.. | physiological processes of humans...incompatible with those of the pathogen |
| physiological processes of humans that are incompatible with those of the pathogen include...or the..may be.. | correct chemical receptors not present on human cells...conditions...incompatible with those neeeded for pathogen's survival |
| immune system does what | protects us from a variety of human pathogenic agents |
| the immune system protects from things like | bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, toxins and pollution |
| general mechanisms of the immune system include | nonspecific mechanisms or specific mechanisms |
| nonspecific mechanisms are called | innate immunity |
| specific mechanisms are called | adaptive or acquired immunity |
| recognition mechanisms of innate immunity include | rapid response (hours), fixedness, limited number of specificities, constant during response |
| recognition mechanisms of acquired/adaptive immunity include | slower response (days/weeks), variable, numerous highly selective specificities, improves during response (memory) |
| adaptive immunity is slower because | the body needs to make antibodies for the specific pathogen |
| both forms of immunity have | common effector mechanisms for the destruction of pathogens |
| innate immunity is the...and involves... | first line of defense(barriers)...phagocytosis |
| innate immunity leads to...and involves the... | inflammation...complement system |
| adaptive immunity involves...or... | humoral immunity...cell-mediated immunity |
| humoral immunity means the | fluid that contains plasma/serum w/ antibodies made by the lymphocytes |
| cell-mediated immunity involves..that do... | effector cells making NK and cytotoxic T cells...recognition/destruction of infected cells |
| adaptive immunity also involves | antigen processing and presentation |
| the body's first line of defense includes things like...that work to... | structures, chemicals and processes...prevent pathogens entering the body |
| first line of defense includes two things | skin and mucous membranes of the resp, digestive, urinary and repro systems |
| the role of the skin in innate immunity; skin is made of...which are... | two layers...epidermis (outer layer) and the dermis |
| the epidermis has | multiple layer of tightly packe3d cells (mostly dead) |
| in the epidermis, few... | pathogens can penetrate these layers |
| in the epidermis, ...removes... | shedding of the dead skin cells...microorganisms |
| the epidermis also contains...which... | epidermal dendritic cells...phagocytize pathogens and alert the immune system |
| the dermis contains...that help... | collagen fibers ...skin resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms |
| skin has | chemicals that defend against pathogens |
| perspiration is secreted by...and the salt... | sweat glands...inhibits growth of pathogens (except for staphl. aureus) |
| perspiration also contains | antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes |
| antimicrobial peptides act | against microorganisms |
| lysozymes do what | destroy cell wall of g+ bacteria |
| sebum is secreted by | sebaceous (oil) glands |
| sebum helps keep | skin pliable and less likely to break/tear |
| sebum also does what | lowers pH to a level inhibitory to many bacteria |
| mucous membranes line | all body cavities open to the environment (ciliated columnar) |
| two distinct layers of mucous membranes include | epithelium and deeper CT layer |
| the epithelium is the | thin outer covering of the mucous membranes |
| the epithelial cells are | living |
| the epithelial cells are...to prevent... | tightly packed..prevent entry of pathogens |
| the epithelium undergoes | constant shedding of cells that carries away microorganisms |
| deeper CT layer does what | supports the epithelium |
| the resp system in order | nasal cavity, pharynx, tongue, epiglottis, larynx, esophagus, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles |
| the body's first line of defense also includes the | lacrimal apparatus |
| the lacrimal apparatus produces and | drains tears |
| blinking spreads | tears and washes surface of the eye |
| tears contain....that destroys... | lysozyme...g+ bacteria |
| normal microbiota in innate immunity can be found in the | digestive system |
| microbial antagonism is when | normal microbiota compete with potential pathogens (potential have a hard time getting in) |
| activities of normal microbiota make it | hard for pathogens to compete |
| activities of normal microbiota make it hard for pathogens to compete and include things like | consumption of nutrients, creating unfavorable environment to other organisms, help stimulate body's 2nd line of defense and promote overall health by providing vitamins to host |
| other first line defenses include | antimicrobial peptides and various process/chemicals |
| antimicrobial peptides are present in | skin, mucous membranes and neutrophils |
| antimicrobial peptides act | against a variety of microbes |
| antimicrobial peptides work in several ways including | inducing holes in bacterial membrane and intracellular killing |
| other processes and chemicals in 1st line of defense include | many organs secreting chemicals w/ antimicrobial properties |
| the body's second line of defense operates when | pathogens penetrate the skin/mucous membranes |
| 2nd line of defnse is composed of | cells and antimicrobial chemicals |
| many of the cell and antimicrobial chemicals of the 2nd line of defnese are | contained or originate in the blood |
| cells/antimicrobial chemicals/methods of 2nd line of defense include | phagocytic cells, nonspecific chemical defenses against pathogens and inflammation |
| phagocytic cells are present in the | blood and tissues |
| nonspecific chemical defenses against pathogens include | complement proteins (serum), interferons (3 types) and antimicrobial peptides |
| inflammation leads to | fever (cytokines) |
| defense components of blood(2nd line of defense) include the | plasma and the serum |
| plasma is the...portion of blood made of | fluid...mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients and proteins (has clotting factors) |
| serum is the...remaining when... | fluid...clotting factors are removed |
| serum includes | iron-binding compounds, complement proteins and antibodies |
| in a test tube, what is at the top, middle and bottm? | plasma, buffy coat, rbcs |
| buffy coat is the | wbcs and platelets |
| formed elements are | cells and fragements in palsma |
| three types of formed elements include | erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes |
| erythrocytes carry | oxygen and co2 in the blood |
| platelets are inovlved in | blood clotting |
| leukocytes are also called...and are involved in... | wbcs....defending the body against invaders |
| leukocytes are divided into | granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| hematocrit is the | number of formed elements |
| plasma contains things like | albumins, immunoglobulins and antibodies |
| hematopoiesis refers to | the formation and development of the cells of the blood |
| hematopoiesis starts with...which divides into... | hematopietic pluripotent cells (stem cells in bone marrow)...common myeloid progenitor cells or common lymphoid progenitor cells |
| common lympoid progenitor cells divide into | b cells, t cells and NK cells |
| b cells, t cells and nk cells make up the | lymphocytes |
| common myeloid progenitor cells divid ingo | erythrocytes, megakaryotcytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes |
| megakaryocytes turn into | platelets |
| monocytes turn into...when... | macrophages...they invade cells |
| erythrocytes do | gas transportaiton |
| platelets are for | clotting/inflammation |
| basophils are for | inflammation |
| which blood cells do phagocytosis | neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes |
| lymphocytes are used for | adaptive immunity |
| leukocytes include | lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils |
| innate immunity and second line of defense blood cells include | platelets, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes |
| granulocytes contain | large granules that stain different colors |
| three types of granulocytes include | basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils |
| basophils stain | blue w/ basic dye methylene blue |
| eosinophils stain | red/orange w/ acidic dye eosin |
| neutrophils stain | lilac w/ mix of acidic and basic dytes |
| neutrophils are also called | polymorphic nuclear cells bec of their lobed nucleus |
| neutrophils and eosinophils do | phagocytosis of pathogens |
| neutrophils and eosinophils are capable of | diapediesis (chemotaxis) |
| agranulocytes' cytoplasm appears | uniform under a light microscope |
| two types of agrans include | lymphs and monocytes |
| lymphoytes are most | involved in adaptive immunity |
| monocytes are also involved in...but they leave the...to... | adaptive immunity...blood...mature into macrophages for phagocytizing w/ dif function than lymphs |
| lab analysis of leukocytes include doing a...which is a... | cbc..complete blood count |
| differential white blood cell count can signal | signs of disease |
| increased eosinophils indicates | allergies /parasitic worm infection |
| bacterial diseases often show | increase in leukocytes which are mostly neutrophils |
| an increase in lymphocytes is in occurence to | viral infections |
| phagocytosis happens in the | tissues |
| cells capable of phagocytosis are called | phagocytes |
| phagocytosis is not | completely understood |
| phagocytosis can be divided into six stages including | chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, fusion w/ lysosome, killing, elimination |
| ingestion in phagocytosis happens with a... | phagosome |
| the lysosome fuses with the...and the lysosome has the ability to | phagosome...kill pathogens w/ mechanisms(chemical or enzymatic) |
| nonphagocytic killing is killing by | eosinophils |
| eosinophils attack parasitic..by... | helminths...attaching to their surface |
| eosinophils do what...that... | secret toxins..weaken/kill the helminth |
| eosinophilia(which is...)...is often indicative of a... | elevated eosinophil count...helminth infestation |
| killing by NK lymphocytes involves the...onto surface of... | secreting toxins...virally infected cells and tumors |
| its important to differentiate from...becthey have... | normal body cells...membrane proteins similar to NK cells |
| nonspecific chemical defenses against pathogens involves | toll-like receptors and interferons |
| toll like receptors (TLRs) are | integral membrane protiens produced by phagocytic cells |
| TLRs bind | pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) |
| examples of pamps include | PG, LPS, flagellin and viral RNA |
| TLRs initiate...and include things like... | defensive responses...apoptosis of the infected cells, secretion of inflammatory mediators(interferons) and production of stimulatns of adaptive immune response |
| interferons are...released by... | protein molecules...host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections |
| interferons cause | many symptoms associated w/ viral infections |
| interferons cause many sympmtoms associated w/ viral infection and include | type 1 and 2 |
| type 1 interferons are also called | non-immune interferon (alpha/beta) |
| type 2 interferons are also called | immune-interferon (gamma) |
| actions of alpha/beta interferons: step 1 | virus infects cell |
| actions of alpha/beta interferons: step 2 | viral rep in cell triggers transcription and translation of alpha/beta interferons depending on type of host cell |
| actions of alpha/beta interferons: step 3 | interferon is released, diffuses to neighbor uninfected cells and binds to receptor |
| actions of alpha/beta interferons: step 4 | binding triggers transcriptino/translation of inactive antiviral proteins (AVPs) |
| actions of alpha/beta interferons: step 5 | meanwhile, the infected cell dies and releases viruses |
| actions of alpha/beta interferons: step 6 | when the second cell becomes infected with virus, double stranded RNA of the virus activates AVP |
| actions of alpha/beta interferons: step 7 | active AVPs degrade mRNA and bind to ribosomes, which stops protrein synthesis and viral replication |
| complement is a | set of serum proteins designated numerically (1-9) according to their order of discovery |
| complement is activated by | proteolytic cleavage, forming a cascade of peptides |
| complement components have...including... | many features...opsonins and chemotactic factors, indirect triggers of inflammation/fever and lysis of foreign cells |
| opsonins recruit | neutrohpils |
| opsonins are derived from...and they... | host...stick to bacteria/make them recognizable |
| complement can be activated in three ways, including | classical pathway, alternative pathway and the lectin pathway |
| the classical pathway is part of the | adaptive immune system |
| classical pathway is activated by an | antibody molecule coating the microbe |
| the atlernate pathway is activated by | surface components ofmicrobes directly |
| example of alternate pathway involves | PG and LPS |
| lectin pathway is activated by | microbial polysaccharides (sguars) |
| lectin and alternate pathways are | innate immunity |
| c1 becomes an...when it binds to... | active enzyme....antibody-antigen complexes |
| enzyme c1 splits molecules | of c2 and c4 |
| fragments of...combine to form a third enzyme that splits...into... | c2 and c4...c3..c3a and c3b |
| c3b is an...that binds to... | opsonin...pathogens for recognition by macrophages or neutrophils |
| c3b combines with the...to form a third enzyme that cleaves...into... | remaining c2 and c4...c5..c5a c5b |
| c5a is a...that... | chemotactic factor...difuses and tells neutrophils to come |
| c5b binds with...to create...which... | c 6,7,8,9...pores...kill pathogen by creating membrane attack complexes (MACs) |
| c3b is a...which can bind to...and is then an...for... | product of c3...cell membranes...opsonin...neutrohpils and macrophages |
| c3a and c5a are...which means they do... | anaphylatoxins...smooth muscle contraction, histamine release from mast cells |
| c3a and c5a enhance | vascular permeability (vasodilation) so you dec BP and ^ spaces between cells |
| c5a is a...for... | chemotactic agent...neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages |
| c56789 is a...which induces... | membrane attack complex...holes in cytoplasmic membrane of pathogens |
| lysis is done by | mac c56789 |
| opsonization is done by | c3b |
| activation of inflammatory response is done bia | c3a and c5a |
| nonspecific chemical defenses against pathogens is how the body cells are | protected from mac attacked by compliment |
| inactivation of complement: body's own cells | withstand complement cascade |
| body's own cells withstand complement cascade because of...that... | proteins on many cells...bind and break down activated ocmplement proteins |
| inflammation is a | nonspecific response to tissue damage |
| inflammation is characterized by | redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function |
| inflammation can be | local or systemic |
| two types of inflammation include | acute or chronic |
| acute inflammation develops...and is... | quickly..short lived |
| acute inflammation is typically...and is important in... | beneficial...second line of defense with three stages |
| threee stages of acute inflammation are | vascular events, cellular events, tissue repair |
| vascular events include | dilation and increased permeability of the blood vessels |
| cellular events include | migration of phagocytes |
| tissue repair includes things like | clotting |
| classic signs of inflammation are | redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of joint function |
| main events of inflammation include...leading to...of the... | vascular events...dilation and increased permeability...blood vessels |
| vascular events leading to dilation and incrased permeability of the blood vessels are mediated by | prostaglandins and leukotrienes, histamine and anaphyloxtoxins |
| prostaglandins and leukotrienes are produced by | damaged cells |
| histamine is released from | tissue mast cells and blood basophils |
| anaphylotoxins are the...of the... | c3a and c5a components...complement cascade |
| anaphylotoxins do what | relax blood vessels |
| cellular events leading to the...of...is mediated by... | migration..phagocytes to the site of injury...release of chemotactic factors |
| chemotactic factors recruit | PMN and macrophages |
| chemotactic factors include | c5a of complement cascade, interleukin8 and c3b |
| IL-8 is released by...and is a... | macrophages...cytokine |
| c3b does what...and... | opsonises pathogens to increase uptake by phagocytic cells...activates macrophages |
| what else is also an opsonin | antibody IgG |
| c3a and c5a fragments of...cause...thus causing.. | complement cascade...mast cells to release inflammatory mediators ...vasodilation of capillaries |
| step 1 of inflammation | a cut penetrates the epidermis barrier, and bacteria invade |
| step 2 of inflammation: damaged cells release... | prostaglandins, leukotrienes and histamine |
| step 3 of inflammation: ...make vessels...and...causes... | prostaglandins and leukotrienes...more permeable...histamine...vasodilation, increasing blood flow to the site |
| step 4 of inflammation: | macrophages and neutrophils squeeze through walls of blood vessels (diapedesis) |
| step 5 of inflammation: increased...allows...but also results in... | permeability...antimicrobial chemicals and clotting proteins to seep into damaged tissue...swelling, pressure on nerve endings and pain |
| step 6 of inflammation | blood clot forms |
| step 7 of inflammation | more phagocytes migrate to the site and devour bacteria |
| step 8 of inflammation | accumulation of damaged tissue and leukocytes forms pus |
| step 9 of infalmmation: ...repair...and the... | undifferentiated stem cells..damaged tissue...blood clot is absorbed or falls off as a scab |
| on the inside of blood vessels there are...which are..that.. | selectins..proteins..grab neutrophils and slow them down so they can squeeze through cell wall (diapedesis) |
| fever is when the body's temp is above...and it results when... | 37 c...pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase body's core temp |
| various types of pyrogens produce fever including | bacterial toxins, cytoplasmic contents of bactiera and antibody-antigen complexes |
| bacterial toxins are | lps (endotoxins) |
| cytoplasmic contents are released by | lysis |
| antibody-antigen complexes are the signal for the | production of interluekin1 by macrophages |
| fever step 1 | chemicals secreted by phagocytes travel in blood to hypothalamus |
| fever step 2 | hypothalamus secretes prostaglandin, which resets hypothalamic thermostat |
| fever step 3 | never impulses cause shivering, higher metabolic rate and inhibition of sweating, and vasoconstriction |
| fever step 4 | body temp increases to new set point |
| first line of defense includes...which are...that prevent the... | barriers/associated chemicals...skin and mucous membranes...pathogen and chemical entrance |
| phagocytes are...that... | neutrohpils, eosinophils and macrophages...ingest and destroy pathogens |
| extracellular killing happens vby...that... | eosinophils and nk lymphocytes...kill pathogens w.o phagocytosis |
| complement components attract...stimulate...and attack... | phagocytes...inflammation...a pathogen's cytoplasmic membrane |
| interferons incrase | resistance of cells to viral infection and slow the spread of disease |
| antimicrobial peptides interfere with...and... | membranes, internal signaling and metabolism..act against pathogens |
| ex of antimicrobial peptide | lysozyme |
| inflammation increases... | blood flow, capi permeability, migration of leukocytes into infected area, increases local temp |
| fever mobilizes | defenses, accelerates repairs and inhibits pathogens |
Created by:
handrzej
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