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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how far does the spinal cord pass through the vertebral canal? what part of the canal does it actually occupy? | runs down to the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra. this means it occupies only the upper two-thirds of the vertebral canal. |
| how many spinal nerves are there total? how many of each? how many cranial nerves are there? | there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves total: 8 pairs cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. |
| where is the lateral horn present? (what does it correspond to?) | only present from T2 through L1 section (corresponds to sympathetic nervous system i.e. the thoracolumbar outflow) |
| what is the illiteration to remember the cranial nerves? | Odor Of Orangutang Terrified Tarzan After Forty Voracious Gorillas Visciously Attached Him |
| what are the cranial nerves? | I Olfactory, II Optic, III Oculomotor, IV Trochlear, V Trigeminal, VI Abducens, VII Facial, VIII Vestibulococchlear, IX Glossopharyngeal, X Vagus, XI Accessory, XII Hypoglossal |
| what are the 4 main plexuses? which spinal nerves are included in each? | cervical plexus (C1-C5) brachial plexus (C5-T1), lumbar plexus (L1-L4), sacral plexus (L4-S4). plus a tiny coccygeal plexus. |
| which spinal nerve fibers are included in the phrenic nerve | C3, C4 & C5 fibers. |
| how many neurons in the motor pathway for somatic nerves? | one neuron in motor pathway |
| how many motor neurons in motor pathway for autonomic (visceral) nerves | 2 neurons in motor pathway |
| which spinal nerves form the thoracolumbar outflow? what does it correspond to? | T1-L2: corresponds to sympathetic division of nervous system |
| how many prevertebral ganglia are there and where? | there are 3, located in front of the abdominal aorta |
| which nerves form the craniosacral outflow? what does it correspond to? | corresponds to the parasympathetic division of nervous system. Cranial III, VII, IX & X, along with S2 S3 S4 |
| in the parasympathetic division, each preganglionic fiber synapses with how many post ganglionic neurons, what kind of response is this? | each preganglionic fiber synapses with 4 or 5 postganglionic neurons= localized response |
| how many nerve fibers can be in a nerve? | anywhere from a few fibers up to 2 million fibers in a nerve |
| shape length and thickness of spinal cord | oval shaped cylinder that lies in the vertebral canal. about 18 inches long, about the thickness of your finger |
| longest and largest peripheral nerve of body? | sciatic nerve |
| how many hormones are there? | 50 or so |
| how many steroid hormones does the adrenal cortex produce | produces over 2 dozen steroid hormones |
| percentage of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex? | 80-90% of gland area |
| color of adrenal cortex | yellow (due to high cholesterol) |
| necessity of adrenal cortex? | essential for life. you are dead in 2 weeks without it |
| percentage of gland is the adrenal medulla? | 10-20% of gland area |
| color of adrenal medulla? | gray to dark red |
| necessity of adrenal medulla? | not necessary for life |
| length of pancreas? | 5 inches long |
| weight of pancreas? | 85-100 grams |
| endocrine part of pancreas: what is it called and how much of the pancreatic tissue does it constintue? | islets of Langerhans= <2% of pancreatic tissue |
| the islets of Langerhans are scattered among the acinar cells. how many islets are there? | 1-2 million islets |
| each islet of Langerhans has how many cells? | each has a few to 3,000 endocrine cells |
| percentage of islet cells that are alpha? | 20% are alpha (make glucagon) |
| percentage of islet cells that are beta? | 70% (make insulin) |
| percentage of islet cells that are delta | 5-10% (make pancreatic somatostatin) |
| percentage of islet cells that are F cells | 1-2% (make pancreatic polypeptide) |
| largest endocrine gland? | thyroid gland |
| how long does thyroid stored product last? | about 2 weeks |
| weight of thyroid? | 20-30 grams |
| how many thyroid follicles? | healthy adult has 3 million |
| TGB: how many amino acids long and how many are tyrosine? | TGB: 5,000 amino acids long. more than 100= tyrosine |
| T3: what is it, percentage of follicular cell product? | triiodothyronine: most potent, 10% of follicular cells product |
| T4: what is it, percentage of follicular cell product | thyroxine= 90% of follicular cells product |
| weight of pituitary gland? | 1 gram |
| diameter of pituitary gland? | 1 cm |
| how many olfactory receptor cells are there? | 10-20 million bipolar neurons |
| how often are olfactory receptor cells replaced (by basal cells/stem cells?) | complete replacement every 60 days |
| how many odors can most people distinguish? special people? | most ppl can distinguish between 2,000 to 4,000 odors. some up to 10,000 |
| how long til olfactory adaptation kicks in? | between 1 and 5 minutes |
| which are the only neurons in the body directly exposed to external environment? | olfactory receptor cells |
| how many taste buds are there | 4,000 |
| how long do gustatory receptor cells live? (before replaced by basal cells/stem cells?) | 7-10 days |
| most numerous type of papillae on tongue? | filiform |
| how many circumvallate papillae are on tongue? | 12 |
| how many folds of foliate papillae on tongue? | 4 or 5 |
| how long til gustatory adaptation kicks in? | 1-5 minutes |
| how many primary tastes are there, what are tehey? | bitter, sour, salty, sweet, umami |
| three neuronal pathways for taste? | 1)facial nerve VII: carries taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue 2)glossopharyngeal nerve IX: carries taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue 3)vagus nerve X carries taste from palate and pharynx |
| diameter of macula lutea? | 4 mm |
| how many cones in fovea centralis? | 35,000 |
| optic disc? | no photoreceptors (blind spot) |
| fovea centralis? | no rods |
| how many rods and how many cones? | 120 million rods 6 million cones |
| how are circular muscles of iris innervated? | Parasympathetic fibers enter through occulomotor III nerve. To innervate circular muscle fibers of iris |
| how are radial muscles of iris innervated? | Sympathetic fibers follow adjacent to carotid arteries & go from there towards the radial muscle of iris. |
Created by:
kalmetina
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