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psych ch3
Psychology Wood Wood & Boyd Ch. 3
| Term/Question | Definition/Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | The process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain |
| Perception | The process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information |
| Absolute Threshold | The minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time |
| Difference Threshold | A measure of the smallest increase or decrease in a physical stimulus that is required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50% of the time |
| Weber's Law | The law stating that the just noticeable difference (JND) for all the senses depends on a proportion or percentage of change in stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change |
| Transduction | the process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into neural impulses |
| Cornea | The tough, transparent, protective layer that covers the front of the eye and bends light rays inward through the pupil |
| Lens | The transparent disk-shaped structure behind the iris and the pupil that changes shape as it focuses on objects at varying distances |
| Retina | The layer of the tissue that is located on the inner surface of the eyeball and contains the sensory receptors for vision |
| Rods | The light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that look like slender cylinders and allow the eye to respond to as few as five photons |
| Cones | The light sensitive cells in the retina that enable humans to see color and fine detail in adequate light but do not function in very dim light |
| Trichromatic Theory | The theory of color vision suggesting that three types of cones in the retina each make a maximal chemical response to one of three colors - blue, green, or red |
| Opponent-process Theory | The theory of color vision suggesting that three kinds of cells respond by increasing or decreasing their rate of firing when different colors are present |
| Color Blindness | The inability to distinguish certain colors from one another |
| Kinesthetic Sense | The sense providing information about in relation to each other and the movement of the entire body or its parts |
| Gestalt | A german word that roughly refers to the whole form, pattern, or configuration that a person perceives |
| Synesthesia | The capacity for responding to stimuli simultaneously with normal and unusual perceptions |
| Subliminal perception | The capacity to percieve and respond to stimuli that are presented below the threshold of awareness |
| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) | Gaining information about objects, events, or another person's thoughts through some means other than the known sensory channels |
| Myopia | nearsighted |
| Presbyopia | Farsighted |
| Sensory Receptors | highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimuli and transduce (convert) the stimuli into neural impulses |
| Sensory Adaptation | The process in which sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time |
| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) | The smallest change in sensation that a person is able to detect 50% of the time |
| Vestibular Sense | The sense that detects movement and provides information about the body's orientation in space |
| Gate-control Theory | that an area in the spinal cord can act like a gate and either block pain messages or transmit them to the brain |
| Who came up with the Gate-control Theory? | Melzack and Wall |
| Figure-ground | the figure often seems to stand out from the ground |
| Similarity | Objects that have similar characteristics are perceived as a unit |
| Proximity | Objects that are close together in space or time are usually perceived as belonging together |
| Continuity | We tend to perceive figures or objects as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern |
| Closure | We perceive figures with gaps in them to be complete |
| Cross-modal perception | a process whereby the brain integrates information from more than one sense |
| Depth perception | The ability to perceive the visual world in three dimensions and to judge distances accurately |
| Size constancy | as objects move farther away you continue to perceive them as being about the same size |
| Shape constancy | the tendency to perceive objects as having a stable or unchanging shape, regardless of changes in the retinal image resulting from differences in viewing angle |
| Telepathy | gaining awareness of the thoughts, feelings, or activities of another person without the use of senses |
| Clairvoyance | gaining information about objects or events without the use of the senses |
| Precognition | refers to an awareness of an event before it occurs |
| Ganzfield procedure | a study design in which two individuals, a sender and a receiver are placed in separate rooms and try to send messages without using senses |
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rhon91520
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