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| Question | Answer | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ____ are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties | isomers | ||||||
| _______ have different covalent arrangements of their atoms | structural isomers | ||||||
| ______ have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements | cis-trans isomers | ||||||
| ______are isomers that are mirror images of each other | enantiomers | ||||||
| _________ are important in the pharmaceutical industry | enantiomers | ||||||
| Two - of a drug may have different effects | enantiomers | ||||||
| Usually only one ____ is biologically active | isomers | ||||||
| Functional groups: | Specific combination of bonded atoms | Attached as a group to other molecules | |||||
| Functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life: | Hydroxyl group | Carbonyl group | Carboxyl group | Amino group | Sulfhydryl group | Phosphate group | Methyl group |
| molecules with the same chemical formula are know as: | isomers | structural isomers | stereoisomers | ||||
| _____ molecules are mirror-images of each other. | chiral | ||||||
| ____is a very large molecule commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits | Macromolecule | ||||||
| Macromolecules: | Resulting molecule is a polymer (many parts) | Repeating units are called monomers | |||||
| Lipid is ___ | fat | glycerol and fatty acids | |||||
| carbohydrates has ___ | polysaccharide | monosaccharide | |||||
| Protein has ____ | amino acid | polypeptide | |||||
| nucleic acids has ___ | DNA | RNA | nucleotide | ||||
| Dehydration is: | removal of water molecule | used to connect monomers together to make polymers | polymerization of glucose monomers to make starch | ||||
| Hydrolysis is: | addition of water molecule | used to disassemble polymers into monomer parts | digestion of starch into glucose monomers | ||||
| Carbonhydrates range from small sugars to large polysaccharides, which are ___ | marcomolecules | ||||||
| Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Examples are: | sugars | starch | glucose | ||||
| C – H ____ hold much energy | covalent bonds | ||||||
| ____ are good energy storage molecules | carbonhydrates | ||||||
| Glucose + Glucose= | maltose | ||||||
| Glucose + Glactose= | lactose | ||||||
| Glucose + Fructose= | sucrose | ||||||
| Contain two ______ joined during dehydration reaction | monosaccharides | ||||||
| monosaccharides: | single sugar molecule | glucose | ribose | deoxyribose | |||
| Lipids and two main groups are: | group of molecules that are insoluble in water | phospholipids | triglycerides | ||||
| composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids | triglycerides | fats | |||||
| Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains which may be: | saturated | unsaturated | polyunsaturated | ||||
| unsaturated fats: | plant oils | contain double bonds | prevented from solidifying at room temperature | ||||
| saturated fats: | maximum number of hydrogen atoms | a single bonding between all carbons | solid at room temperature | ||||
| Triglycerides: | an excellent molecule for energy storage | store twice as much energy as carbohydrates | animal fats are usually saturated fats and are solid at room temperature | plant fats (oils) are usually unsaturated and are liquid at room temperature | |||
| Phospholipids -composed of: | glycerol | two fatty acids | phosphate group | ||||
| _____ contain polar “heads” and nonpolar “tails”. | phospholipids | ||||||
| Phospholipids spontaneously form: | micelles | lipid bilayers | |||||
| the basis of biological membranes: | lipid bilayers | ||||||
| Such as cholesterols and the sex hormones are lipids with no fatty acids known as: | sterols | ||||||
| They are long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols, they repel water: | waxes | ||||||
| Protein functions include | enzyme catalysts | defense | transport | support | motion | regulation | storage |
| Proteins are polymers of ____ | amino acids | ||||||
| amino acids: | 20 different amino acids | joined by dehydration synthesis | |||||
| ______ form between adjacent amino acids | peptide bonds | ||||||
| Amino acid structure -central carbon atom surrounded by: | amino group | carboxyl group | single hydrogen | variable R group | |||
| Amino acids can be classified as: | nonpolar | polar | charged | aromatic | special function | ||
| The shape of a _____ determines its function | protein | ||||||
| Protein structure, primary structure= | sequence of amino acids | ||||||
| Protein structure, secondary structure= | interaction of groups in the peptide backbone | ||||||
| Protein structure, tertiary structure= | folded shape of the polypeptide chain | ||||||
| What does inorganic molecules have and organic does not? | Usually with + & - ions | Usually ionic bonding | Always with few atoms | Often associated with nonliving matter | |||
| What does organic molecules have and inorganic does not? | Always contain carbon and hydrogen | Always covalent bonding | Often quite large, with many atoms | Usually associated living systems | |||
| What is true about Carbon Atoms? | Contain a total of 6 electrons | Only four electrons in the outer shell | Very diverse as one atom can bond with up to four other atoms | ||||
| Biological molecules consist primarily of: | carbon bonded to carbon | carbon bonded to other molecules | |||||
| Carbon can form up to 4 ____ | convalent bond | ||||||
| Carbon may be bonded to _______ with specific properties. | functional groups |
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samosa
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