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Biology MD11
Module 11: Invertebrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Invertebrates | Animals that lack a backbone |
| Vertebrates | Animals that possess a backbone |
| Sphereical Symmetry | An organism possesses spherical symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through the organism's center |
| Radial Symmetry | An organism possesses radial symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by a simple longitudinal cut along its center which divides it into right and left halves |
| Epidermis | Outer layer of cells designed to provide protection |
| Mesenchyme | Jellylike substance that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge |
| Collar Cells (choanocytes) | Flagellated cells that push water through a sponge |
| Amoebocytes | Cells that move using pseudopods and perfom different functions in diferent animals |
| Gemmule | Cluster of cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell |
| Polyp | Sesile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other |
| Medusa | Free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles |
| Epithelium | Animal tissue consisting of one or more layers o fcells that have only one free surface, because the other surface adheres to a membrane or other substance |
| Mesoglea | The jelly-like substance that separates the epithelial cells in a cnidarian |
| Nematocysts | Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators |
| Testes | Organs that produce sperm |
| Ovaries | Organs that produce eggs |
| Anterior End | End of an animal that contains its head |
| Posterior End | End of an animal that contains its tail |
| Circulatory System | System designed to transport food and other necessary substances throughout the creature's body |
| Nervous System | System of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste |
| Hermaphroditic | Possessing both the male and female reproductive organs |
| Regeneration | The ability to regrow a missing part of the body |
| Mantle | Sheath of tissue that encloses the vital organs of a mollusk, makes the mollusk's shell, and performs respiration |
| Shell | Tough, multi-layered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support |
| Visceral Hump | Hump that contains a mollusk's heart and digestive+execretory systems |
| Foot | Muscular organ that is used for locomotion and takes on a variety of forms depending on the animal |
| Radula | Organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths |
| Univalve | Organism with a single shell |
| Bivalve | Organism with two shells |
| Phylum Porifera | Sponges |
| Phylum Cnidaria | Jellyfish, Sea Anemomes, and Hydra |
| Phylum Annelida | Segmented Worms |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes | Flat Worms |
| Phylum Nematoda | Round Worms |
| Phylum Mollusca | Clams, Oysters, Snails, Squid |
| Phylum Porifera Characteristics | Marine, no symmetry, animals b/c of cell structure+method of feeding |
| Phylum Porifera Supported through | Spicules (network in mesenchyme) or spongin (tough web of protein) |
| Phylum Porifera Reproduction | Asexually: Budding, regeneration, forming gemmule. Sexually: form zygote |
| Phylym Cnidaria Characteristics | Outer/inner layer, radial symmetry, catch prey through nematocysts, respirate+excrete through epthirial layers |
| Phylum Cnidaria Reproduction | Asexually (budding) and sexually |
| The Hydra | Phylum Cnidaria. Pressure triggers nematocysts, extracellular digestion, tentacles pull prey to mouth to finish |
| The Sea Anemone | Phylum Cnidaria. Chemical recognition triggers nematocysts |
| Corals | Phylum Cnidaria. Tiny polyps in stonelike house: opens to catch prey and closes to protect coral |
| Phylum Cnidaria: Two Forms | Polyp and Medusa |
| Jellyfish' Zygote called | Panula |
| Phylum Annelida Characteristics | Bilateral symmetry, clitellum (barrel-shaped swelling) |
| Genus Lumbricus | Common earthworms |
| Earthworm's Movement | Small bristles called setae. Circular layer of long, thin muscles and longitudinal layer of short, thick muscles. |
| Earthworm's Feeding | Complete digestive system. Pharynx sucks soil, stored in crop, to gizzard, to intestine, waste through anus and nephridia (kidneys) and out nephridiopores (tiny holes). |
| Earthworm's Circulatory System | Full-fledged, but no heart. Has dorsal blood vessel and ventral blood vessel linked with aortic arches |
| Earthworm's Blood Purposes | Transport nutrients from intestine, take oxygen to cells, remove carbon dioxide, absorb oxygen through epidermis |
| Earthworm's Cuticle | Moist layer above epidermis allows to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide |
| Other kinds of Annelida | Leech, feather duster worm, and Christmas tree worm |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes Characteristics | Eats small/photosynthetic organisms, branched intestine, no need for circulatory system, eyespots sense light, hermaphroditic, regenerate |
| Other kinds of Playhelminthes | Tapeworms and flukes (both parasitic) |
| Phylum Nematoda Characteristics | Bilateral symmetry, inner/outer tube, parasitic, cuticle protects from digestion |
| 3 Species in Nematoda | Ancylostoma Duodenale, Necator Americanus, Trichinella Spiralis |
| Trichinosis | Disease caused by Trichinella Spirallis, which lives usually in pork |
| Phylum Mollusca Unique Things | Mantle, visceral hump, foot, shell, and radula |
| Univalves are aka: | Gastropods |
| Bivalves are aka: | Pelecypods |
| Mollusca's senses | Long pair of tentacles gives rudimentary sight. Short pair gives touch and smell |
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Safire25509
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