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Micro Objectives Ch2
Microbiology Learning Objectives Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The six most common elements in living things include; | Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur |
| Three different types of chemical bonds | Covalent (share electrons), Ionic (one donates an electron), and H-bond (weakest of the chemical bonds) |
| Importance of water | ~70% of microbial bodies is made of water, hydrogen bonds give gives water molecules unique properties and is crucial for life |
| Cohesion | H-bonds hold molecules together. Surface tension holds together on the surface of the cells. |
| Ice density | Ice is less dense than water, allowing it to float on a body of water and allow life to continue in the body of water beneath the ice. |
| Water has high specific heat | It absorbs a large amount of energy before breaking H bonds. It holds temperature well and helps moderate temperature. |
| Water has a high heat of vaporization | As water evaporates, it takes heat with it causing a cooling effect |
| Water is the "universal solvent" | Polar and ionic substances dissolve in water to form solutions. Used to make or break macromolecules |
| Hydrophilic substances | Readily dissolves in water. "water loving" |
| Electrolyte | A substance that dissociates to ions when dissolved in water |
| Hydrophobic substances | Doesn't dissolve in water. "water fearing" |
| The four main biological compounds | All are organic (carbon based compounds) and all are macromolecules. 1) proteins 2) lipids 3) carbohydrates 4) nucleic acid |
| Macromolecule | Large molecules, mostly polymers. Properties depend upon; what the monomers are, the sequence of the monomers I'm the chain, and how the monomers are connected (bond types) |
| Polymer | Made of monomers connected by covalent bonds |
| Dehydration synthesis | Reactions that make macromolecules |
| Hydrolysis | Reactions that break macromolecules. To 'lys' is to slice. |
| Carbohydrates | Polymers of monosaccarides (sugars), composed of CH2O, structural element in cell walls, used as energy storage, most commonly found biochemical |
| Lipids | Some are polymers of fatty acids. Some are not polymers (steroids). Composed of C, H, O. Non-polar, hydrophobic. Used as energy reserves, cell membrand |
| Proteins | Polymers of amino acids |
| Nucleic Acids | Polymers of nucleotides |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugar. Ie; glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), ribose (found in RNA) |
| Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides linked by a covalent bond (glycosidic bond). Ie; sucrose (table sugar), maltose (sugar in beer), lactose (milk sugar) |
| Glycosidic bonds | Covalent bond that links together monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides |
| Polysaccharide | Many monosaccharides covalently linked together. Can be branched or unbranched, different molecules are linked in specific ways. |
| Steroids | A lipid that has a four ring structure. NOT a polymer. No fatty acids. Used for hormones, to maintain membrane fluidity at low temps (cholesterol), and for light harvesting (chlorophyll and carotenoids) |
| Fatty acid polymers | Multiple fatty acids covalently linked to one compound. Ie; fats, oils and phosolipids. |
| Saturated fatty acids | Hydrophobic, single bonds = straight line |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Hydrophobic, double bonds = shape changes |
| Triglycerides | 3 fatty acids covalently bound to glycerol. Oil: contains unsaturated fatty acids, liquid at room temp. Fat: contains saturated fatty acids, solid at room temp. |
| Phospholipids | Two fatty acids plus one phosphate covalently bound to glycerol. Amphipathic. Important for forming biological membranes. |
| Amphipathic | Hydrophobic at one end and hydrophilic at the other end. |
| Proteins | Composed of C, H, O, N, S, and sometimes P. Complex polymer of amino acids. Covalently bonded together by peptide bonds. |
| Enzymes | Protein catalysts/speed up chemical reactions. NOT part of the reaction. Each enzyme is specific for a particular reaction (will only "stick" to specific chemicals). |
| Structural proteins | Used for cell walls |
| Transport proteins | Moves materials in and out of the cell |
| Receptors | Receive information from outside the cell |
| Antibodies | Help to fight infection |
| Amino acids | 20 different types. Main structure = central carbon with four "groups" attached (H, carboxyl group, amino group, and R side group). |
| Different types of proteins | R group changes to change protein type. Glycine, Phenylalanine, Cysteine, Glutamine, Aspartic acid |
| Structure of protein | Structure is critical to it's function. Occurs in four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Each structure determines next structure. |
| Primary structure | Chain of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds. Determines all other higher levels of structure. Amino acid sequence matters, determines the DNA sequence of it's gene. |
| Secondary structure | Polypeptide chain thats folded (beta pleated sheets) and twisted (alpha helix). Hydrogen bonds between members of peptide "backbone" (carboxyl and amino groups). R groups not involved. |
| Tertiary structure | "folds" and "twists" are folded in themselves. Shape formed as a result of "hiding" hydrophobic amino acids from water. Shape is stabilized by bonds between R groups (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds- disulfide bonds) |
| Quaternary structure | Two or more polypeptides, folded in tertiary structure, linked together. For many proteins, this is the functional structure. Shapenis stabilized by bonds between R groups (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds- disulfide bonds) |
| Nucleic acids | Composed of CHONP, polymer of nucleotides covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds. Nitrogenous base + Pentose sugar + phosphate = nucleotide. Carbons on nucleotides are numbered starting at the base. 3 & 5 are prime ends. |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | ribose + phosphate + a base = nucleotide. The base can be adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil. The polymer is single strand and is bonded by phosphodiester bonds. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | deoxyribose + phosphate + a base = nucleotide. The base can be adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine. The polymer is double twusted strand ("double helix") and is bonded by phosphodiester bonds. Between the bases (A,G,C,T) are hydrogen bonds. |
| Uses of nucleic acid | Contain genetic information, some nucleotides can be used as a form of energy (ATP), some nucleotides can be used as electron carriers. |
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