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Diversity of life
Miyamoto's quiz #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the course Diversity of life going to focus on? | -What is an organism. (characteristics) -introducing some basic skills necessary for biology -introduce the scientific method. |
| What are the qualities of a living organism? | 1-A steady source of energy to maintain organized system (2nd law of thermodynamics requires disorganization=heat!) 2-metabolism 3-perpetuation-info. needed to duplicate 4-structural integrity-a dynamic boundary contains unique chem.&allows exchange. |
| The jobs of DNA and RNA | Transcribe= same language Translate= Different language |
| Why can't the structure of an organism's membrane be like a wall? | Because it has to allow an exchange of substances. |
| How do bacterias survive in fresh water environments? They have a membrane that would continue to expand by a result of osmosis! | They either make a cell wall or don't live in fresh water! |
| What is energy needed for? | -order -regulation -energy processing -growth and development -reproduction -response to environment -evolution |
| What are the 3 unifying theories of biology? | -Cell theory -evolutionary theory -gene theory |
| What is the cell theory? | -all living organisms are composed of one or more cells -cells arise from other cells |
| What is the evolutionary theory? | -organisms are related via common ancestry -attributes are continually adjusted to conditions via selection --all characters + features are modifications of a preexisting character. |
| What is the gene theory? | This is the connecting link between cell and evolutionary theory -explains how the chemistry can perpetuate itself |
| Is anything in science ever proven and why? | No, because you never come to a definite answer but rather just eliminate possibilities that can't be true.... but never absolutely prove ONE. |
| The advantages of having a more complex structure are kinda canceled out by the... | The amount of energy needed. Simpler = less energy needed for organizing. |
| What is systematics? | The study of phylogenetic relationships.- The most closely related organisms are those that share the most recent common ancestor. -infers relationships by comparing derived characters that distinguish groups from their presumed ancestors |
| What have been the different methods used to distinguish phylogeny? | -Morphological -anatomical -(NOW) molecular |
| The first introduction of systematics was by... and what was his/her goal... | Linnaeus. -bring order in the universe -create a catalog of the organisms -nomenclature (to name them) (NOTE!) There weren't any microscopes! all by appearances! |
| How to write scientific names... | Always 2 words (binomial)... -Genus Always upper case -Species- always a lower case Both are always either in italics OR underlined |
| taxonomy | the science of arrangements. (hierarchical grouping) Taxa -grouping of organisms -naming of groups |
| What are the 3 domains? | Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria |
| What is phylogeny? | the evolutionary history of a species or group of species. |
| what is a taxon (plural taxa)? | the named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy. |
| Linnaeus's method | hierarchical grouping Note!- this was before evolutionary theory which means there was no seen connection between the "bins". |
| What is a "true specimen"? | ideal organism that represents the true nature of related organisms. |
| What changes did Darwin and Wallace introduce to Linnaeus's idea? | That ALL organisms are related! =O -Shared ancestry -organisms change through time -adaptation rules --Trees, not boxes! |
| What is a homology? Give an example. | Similar features in different species due to common ancestry. The skeleton w/in a vertebrate. |
| What is a homoplaisies? | analogous structure as a result of similar selection pressure (convergent evolution) EX: sugar glider (marsupial) and flying squirrel (Eutherian) --flippers are analogous! |
| How can you tell a homology from an analogy? | -comparative anatomy -fossil record -DNA and Genetic change --Embryology shows homologies! --EX: flippers are analogous, NOT homologous! |
| What is a true sister species? | When species share common ancestral DNA/RNA. |
| How are molecular features compared? | by comparing the base pair sequences in nucleic acids (similar DNA builds similar proteins)... -nuclear DNA -Mitochondrial RNA (this is only from the mother!) -ribosomal RNA |
| What are the 2 different kinds of inheritance? | -Orthologous- mutations change and rearrange genes -Paralogous- there is a duplication with two or more copies of a gene. |
| What are hoax genes? | They determine which side is the tail and which side is the head. |
| Complications when determining family linneage on molecular level... | -deformities -convergent evolution -Not all genes might've come from your parents (lateral transfer of genes through bacteria) |
| what are Cladistics? | Classifying organisms by branching them! (animals are a TINY branch!) |
| Two different forms of Characters... | -derived- made way for 2 new species -ancestral- like limbs |
| What do Cladograms tell us? | NOT what all your ancestors DID have but all the new derived genes! =D |
| What is an outgroup? | The species closest to the ancestor.... helps to compare which qualities are ancestral. (Note! the outgroup may have also evolved from the ancestor!) |
| What are synapmorphies? | Derived characters that are shared by 2 or more taxa. |
| What is monophyletic? | Consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants. (complete!) |
| What is paraphyletic? | a group which consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants. |
| What is polyphyletic? | a group which includes taxa with different ancestors. (or the descendants without the common ancestor!) |
| What is the principle of parsimony? | Don't make life more complicated than it is/ has to be. (use the tree that has the least changes!) |
| What is the organism with the most abundant number of species? | Insects! (Bacteria are too hard to understand!) |
| Complications when determining family lineage on anatomical level... | -Convergent evolution -individual deformities |
| What are ancestral characters? | Characters common to the outgroup and clade! |
| What two concepts are used to make phylogenetic trees? | -Maximum parsimony -Maximum likelihood |
| What is endosymbiosis? | The engulfment, but not digestion, of a prokaryote to create an symbiosis. (This is only possible because of the cytoskeleton [internal structure] of eukaryotes). |
| Where did photosynthesis originally evolve from? | Cyanobacteria |
Created by:
pushtogetthere
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