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Phillips Test1
Microbiology Blinn Test One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ubiquitous | Everywhere |
| Human body is made up of ____ cells | 70 trillion |
| Van Leeuwenhoek | Father of Bacteriologyu |
| Spallanzani | 1st step in disproving Spontaneous Generation |
| Jenner | Vaccinations to prevent cowpox and smallpox |
| Pasteur | Disproved Spontaneous Generation; "Father of Microbiology" |
| Lister | 1st to use Aseptic techniques; 90% of patients survived |
| Koch | criteria for establishing the cause (etiology) of a disease |
| Tyndall | developer of tyndallization (sterilizing technique) |
| Ehrlich | started chemotherapy |
| Flemming | introduced Penicillin |
| Salk | Polio Vaccine; "You can't patent sunshine" |
| Eukaryotes: | True Nucleus with nucleus Membrane; many chromosomes; divide by mitosis |
| Prokaryotes | No true nucleus; one chromosome; rough division (binary fission) |
| Morphology | shape and arrangement of bacteria |
| Coccus | round |
| Bacillus | rod |
| Spiralus | spiral/spring |
| Diplo | pair; 1/2 have flagella |
| strepto | chain; 1/2 have flagella |
| staph | irregular clusters |
| sarcinae | cube or packet of 8 |
| gaffkya | group of 4 |
| palisades | logs of a raft |
| Vibrio | looks like a comma |
| spirilla | cork screw; has flagella |
| spirochetes | flexible coils; no flagella |
| Flagella | whip like tail; composed of protein Flagellin |
| Atrichous | no flagella |
| monotrichous | one flagella |
| amphitrichous | flagella tuft at both ends |
| lophotrichous | tuft at one end |
| peritrichous | flagella all around |
| Pili/Fimbrae | smaller, straighter, and more numerous than flagella; made of "pilin"; used for attachment or to transfer DNA during conjugation |
| Glycocalyx | slime layer found on Bacillus and Cocci |
| Cell Wall | provide strong rigid structure to with stand osmotic changes |
| Peptiddoglycan | an important chemical constituent of cell walls that give them their rigidity |
| Gram Positive (+) | have few polysaccharides; no protein in cell wall; no fatty acids |
| Gram Negative (-) | polysaccharides; usually has protein; has fatty acids |
| Lipid bilayer | transloctses and permeates proteins in cell membrane that move along objects and insolubles |
| Cytoplasm | liquid part of a cell (80% water) |
| Nucleoid | single closed loop of DNA; one chromosome |
| Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis; composed of protein and RNA |
| Mesosome | invagination of cell membrane of Gram+ bacteria |
| Metachromatic Granules | phosphate deposit reserves |
| Magnetosomes | help bacteria orient themselves |
| Endospores | form when harsh environmental conditions are present |
| chromatophores | packets made from cell membrane |
| plasmids | small loops of DNA that are separate from the bacterial main chromosome; often carry genes for drug resistance |
| Binary Fission | the original cell is never destroyed or changed |
| Generation Time | Time between cell divisions |
| E. coli generate every ____ minutes. | 20 |
| Nutritional Requirements of Bacteria | Source of Energy, Need a Carbon Source, Requires some Inorganic Ions, certain essential metabolites, water |
| Physical Conditions for Bacteria Growth | Temperature, pH, Gas, Light, Water, Osmotic Pressure |
| Mesophilic | 20-40 degrees celsius |
| Cryophilic | 0-20 degrees celsius |
| Thermophilic | 40-90 degrees celsius |
| Optimum pH for Bacteria? | 6.5-7.5 |
| Obligate Aerobes | grow in the presence of O2 |
| Obligate anaerobes | grow in the absence of O2 |
| Facultative anaerobes | can grow with or without O2; does better with O2 |
| Microaerophilic | will only do well with minute amounts of O2 |
| Phototrophic | requires light |
| Chemotrophic | often destroyed by sunlight (UV Rays) |
| Water: | Not only nutritional but also a physical requirement |
| Phases of Growth | Lag, Log, Stationary, Death (decline) |
| Lag Stage | no apparent increase in cell number. 1st stage |
| Log Stage | bacteria are multiplying at a constant rate. 2nd stage |
| Stationary Stage | Death Rate=Reproductive Rate. 3rd stage |
| Death Stage | Death Rate is greater than Reproductive Rate. 4th stage. |
| Enzymes | organic catalyst |
| Characteristics of Enzymes | Lowers the Energy of Activation, Most are proteins, Are reusable, can operate independently of the cell, specific shape/configuration, small amounts are needed, very specific |
| Enzyme analogy? | Coupons |
| Lipids:____::Proteins:_____ | Lipase, Proteases |
| Sucrose:___::Lactose:____ | Sucrase, Lactase |
| Oxidoreductase | moves an electron or hydrogen ion to or from an electron acceptor |
| Redox reaction | oxidation reduction reaction |
| Transferases | TRANSFERS a chemical group from one substrate to another |
| Hydrolases | Hydrolyze use H2O to split large molecules into smaller one |
| Lyases | Remove or Add chemical groups in the process a Double bond is either made or broken |
| Isomerase | Move a H+ from one part of a substrate to another |
| Ligase | links two molecules together |
| Dehydrogenase | Removal of H2O from substrate |
| Denature | change shape (of protein) |
| Substrate Concentration | The more substrate present the faster the product will be turned out, up to a certain point |
| Enzyme Concentration | The more enzymes you add the faster the reaction will occur, up to a point. |
| Competitive Inhibition | A molecule with a similar shape as the substrate competes for the active site of the enzyme |
| Non-competitive Inhibition | Allosteric Control |
| Allosteric | other shape |
| Allosteric Control | closing/opening the active site |
| Positive Allosteric Control | enzyme is turned on or activated when allosteric site is filled |
| Negative Allosteric Control | enzyme is turned off or deactivated when allosteric site is filled |
| Negative Feedback/Feedback Inhibition | The excess end product feeds back to an earlier allosteric enzyme and turns it off, until the excess has been used up |
| Positive Feedback | Excess end product feeds back and allosterically turns on more enzymes which speed up processes. |
| Bacterial Photosynthesis | CO2+H2X--->C6H12O6+X (X is anything but oxygen) |
| ATP; Adenosine Tri-Phosphate | the breaking of the phosphate bonds release energy to drive various cell activities |
| Glycolysis | Splitting Glucose |
| Net gain of ATP in anaerobic respiration? | 2 |
| Net gain of ATP in aerobic respiration? | 38 |
| Why do we have anaerobic pathway? | To regenerate NAD from NADH so we can carry out Glycolysis because Glycolysis requires NAD to produce energy. And without energy, the cell dies. |
| NAD | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide |
| FAD | Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The process of harnessing the energy in NADH and FADH2 by converting it into ATP |
| Adenine:_____ | Thymine |
| Guanine:______ | Cytosine |
| Backbone of DNA? | Deoxyribose and phosphate bonds |
| 2 sides of DNA | antiparallel |
| Semiconservative replication | "unzipping" (replication) of DNA |
| Bacteria have how many chromosomes? | One |
| Humans have about _____ genes on their 46 chromosomes | 50,000 |
| E. coli has _____ genes on its one chromosome | 4,000 |
| Viruses have ____ genes | 7 |
| Gene Loci | This is the location of a particular gene on a chromosome |
Created by:
roorou1992
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